From <@UBVM.CC.BUFFALO.EDU:owner-LISTSERV@UBVM.CC.BUFFALO.EDU> Mon Feb 6 17:00:09 1995 Received: from netaxs.com (root@netaxs.com [198.69.186.1]) by access.netaxs.com (8.6.9/8.6.9) with ESMTP id RAA29335 for ; Mon, 6 Feb 1995 17:00:09 -0500 Received: from UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu (ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu [128.205.2.1]) by netaxs.com (8.6.9/8.6.9) with SMTP id QAA04309 for ; Mon, 6 Feb 1995 16:59:34 -0500 Message-Id: <199502062159.QAA04309@netaxs.com> Received: from UBVM.CC.BUFFALO.EDU by UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu (IBM VM SMTP V2R2) with BSMTP id 3003; Mon, 06 Feb 95 16:58:32 EST Received: from UBVM.CC.BUFFALO.EDU (NJE origin LISTSERV@UBVM) by UBVM.CC.BUFFALO.EDU (LMail V1.2a/1.8a) with BSMTP id 9074; Mon, 6 Feb 1995 12:40:06 -0500 Date: Mon, 6 Feb 1995 12:39:41 -0500 From: "L-Soft list server at UBVM (1.8a)" Subject: File: "GEODESIC LOG9407" To: "Christopher J. Fearnley" Status: RO ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 2 Jul 1994 06:42:56 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Organization: Critical Path Project Subject: Re: Developing an operational pi In article <01HE4HR1T7JC9AN51F@delphi.com> "" writes: [Stuff deleted] > > >To say that something is an approximation is to indicate that some perfectly >accurate representation exists. Everything I know contradicts this; >everything is inexact - mutating and changing constanty, subtly, and even >extensively. That which is not does not appear to be measurable. > > > >Still, I can't shake the feeling that when someone wants a rational way of >determining the height of an equilateral triangle made from physical struts, >there is no rational way of calculating the value. This of course is the heart of the matter: Is it easier to get a rational perspective or must we continue to "round off" from our irrational and transcendental XYZ perspective? I think looking at a system from the rational fuller-like perspective is very useful, but when I want to measure or build something I reach for my computer and get an answer rather quickly. Perhaps when we build our synergetic visioning systems we will see ways to calculate what hitherto had been easier to do by calculator. The trial-by-error method does offer a rational way to calculate your height of the equilateral triangle - but it's too slow for an impatient world. And nature doesn't care about its height - she just "expands" the consequences of gravity and radiation. Also it seems possible that mathematics was developed specifically to solve arbitrary problems. Maybe synergetics is more for understanding Nature and solving anticipatory design science problems. In sum I think that mathematics may always be the better tool for arbitrary calculations (the height of some figure such as the equilateral triangle). > >----------------------------------------------------------------------- >Mitch C. Amiano >amiano@delphi.com -- Christopher J. Fearnley UNIX SIG Leader at PACS cfearnl@cpp.pha.pa.us (Philadelphia Area Computer Society) cfearnl@pacs.pha.pa.us Design Science Revolutionary fearnlcj@duvm.ocs.drexel.edu Explorer in Universe ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 2 Jul 1994 14:07:24 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Matthew V. J. Whalen" Subject: Re: Dome magazine In-Reply-To: Your message of "Thu, 30 Jun 1994 16:29:08 EST." <199407010040.UAA06783@tis.telos.com> >I'm reading old posts. Did anyone ever provide the Dome magazine >information. I'm a subscriber so I can provide it if it is still >needed. please do - I've been looking for it for about a year now... thanks -matthew ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 4 Jul 1994 08:22:56 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Anton BAKKER Organization: Schlumberger RPS - France Subject: Lookinh for file: HEDRA.ZIP 9 April 1994. An article was posted in this newsgroup mentioning Hedra.zip on the net. This program would create a wide veriety of polyhedra forms for 3D Studio. were or how do I find this program on the net? Thank in advance for any help! ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 5 Jul 1994 18:30:06 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Vincent J. Matsko" Organization: Sponsored account, Mathematics, Carnegie Mellon, Pittsburgh, PA Subject: Hello! and pi (and somewhat long). Hi! I'm new to this newsgroup. Re: An operational pi: As regards Mitch Amiano's approximation to pi using trigonometry and the response that knowledge of pi was needed to calculate the trig. functions, it is possible, beginning with a hexagon, to perform the "irrational" approximations by doubling the number of sides each time (rather than increasing by one) so that the appropriate half-angle formulae may be used to calculate sines and cosines without any knowledge of pi. Re: Kirby Urner's "table of trig function that always `came out' to some rational number": The only rational multiples of pi whose sine and cosine are both rational are 0, 1/2, 1, 3/2, etc. There are many angles whose sine and cosine are rational (take any Pythagorean triple as sides of a right triangle), but they don't occur that often in the usual geometric exploits. Re: The practicality of pi: I have done quite a bit of solid geometry (Fuller was inspirational for me), and I have never had occasion to use pi. I think the natural choice of "unit" for angles to be "revolutions", thus the range 0-360 degrees is just the range 0-1. Now these numbers are "dimensionless", being interpreted as the fraction of the area of a circle that the sector cut out by the angle occupies. Now let's take the discussion to three dimensions. We wish to have a measure of solid angle so that we may discuss spacefilling ideas. So define the measure of a solid angle to be that fraction of a sphere (centered at the vertex of the angle) cut out be the solid angle. If A, B, and C are the measures of the dihedral angles of a solid angle, and the measure of the angle is 1/2(A + B + C - 1/2). Example: Take the corner of a cube. Each dihedral angle has measure 1/4 (i.e., 90 degrees). So the measure of the solid angle determined by a corner is 1/2(1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 - 1/2) = 1/8. Now in a cubic packing of space, 8 corners of the cube meet at a point, so it makes sense that each corner should occupy "one-eighth of the space" about the vertex of that corner. Thus, we may talk of solid angles in 3D without needing to bring in pi, the results being, I believe, more geometrically intuitive. And, being that Fuller's rather discrete geometry really never concerns itself with circles or spheres (I suppose excepting sphere packings), pi is not really needed. Re: The irrationality of the height of an equilateral triangle (a la Chris Fearnley): Again, I think it a matter of perspective. One may take an easy way out (I often do) and say that the square of the ratio of the height of an equilateral triangle to its edge is 3/4. Voila, a rational number! Or alternatively, sometimes an expression involving square roots may be described as the solution of a quadratic equation with integer coefficients (i.e., the golden ratio is a root of x^2 = x + 1). Now on another level, this is unsatisfactory, and I can't offer a good answer. Allow me a suggestion: change the comparison. For example, what is the ratio of the volume of a regular tetrahedron to the volume of a cube when both have the same edge length? Answer: irrational and irrelevant! Look through Fuller, and you never see (as least not to my recollection) two such figures. One only encounters a tetrahedron and the circumscribing cube. In this case, the ratio of the volumes is 1/3. Thus, not every "ratio" is rational; it depends upon what one takes the ratio of. And setting a standard is not simple. I believe, for example, that Williams in his book about structure gives data for the Archimedean solids relative to an edge length of one, which I find wholly unsatisfactory. Here is my choice for the "basic" Platonic solids: Begin with a tetrahedron, circumscribe a cube, and for the octahedron, take the dual to the cube (in the sense that the edge of duals perpendicularly bisect each other). Now the cube may in turn be inscribed in a dodecahedron, whose dual is an icosahedron. Now compute ratios of volumes of these figures, not those with edge length of one! For it is these figures which "naturally" occur in concert with each other. For those ratios involving icosahedra/dodecahedra, one must be satisfied with rationals and the golden ratio as well. In fact, I am inclined to submit that the golden ratio be given honorary "rational" status! Well, that's enough for now, I see that I have been long-winded. I hope that I haven't been too vague. Vince Matsko ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 5 Jul 1994 22:46:59 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: Developing an operational pi >>So are we agreed that what Bucky was advocating was a 'grainy-pi' >>using a super scheherezade number with tons of primes folded in? >>Like, the Babylonians chose 360 because of its easy divisibility. >>People came up with "Grads" (on most calculators) dividing >>the circle into 100 degrees -- for the true die-hard decimal-heads. >>So Bucky, in true Babylonian fashion, but acknowledging the new level >>of computing power we've attained, suggested replacing 360 with a >>number with a great many more primes worked in. The idea would be >>to then generate a table of trig functions that always "came out" >>to some rational number. The whole set-up would be "grainy" but >>I think it was Bucky's contention that we would find such a system >>to be sufficient to cover nature's "scalables" -- i.e. we would have >>a rational trigonometry of enough accuracy to do subatomics, >>architecture etc. >> It is an unproven hypothesis to be sure, but worth investigating. The Babylonians didn't just magically come up with 360 either. If I recall correctly, 360 seems to have been one of a series of of counting milestones in their 20 & 60 based numeric system. They didn't use a power-of-ten place-holder system for representing numbers, but an arithmatic (60 plus 20 plus 3 ....) method. The representation of degrees/minutes/seconds further suggests that there may be a way to 'block' an irrational operation from proceeding further, by shifting to another base (the next in a chain of scheherazade factors?) after integrally computing the previous denomination. eg Decimally, 101 = 1*10^2 + 0*10^1 + 1*10^0 but could also be 7*10^1 + 3*10^1 + 1*10^0 = 101 I could imagine what the symbolic form would be, but don't have time right now. >>I have no clear understanding of what it would look like to carry >>this out in practice. Sounds like a job for a computer language. >>My question here though is: does anyone have a different understanding >>of what Bucky meant? And, yes, what about the phenomenal utility of >>such numbers as e, \/2 etc? Although here, again, my earlier >>assertion is relevant: our computers only carry out our symbols >>to a finite number of numbers for crunching purposes in any case, >>so the question "can we get along without computing with non- >>terminating irrationals?" is moot in any case -- we get along fine >>right now. >> >>-- Kirby Such numbers are also good for symbolic usages. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 5 Jul 1994 22:46:22 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: Earthquake-Proof >>"JR> of non-wood dome superstructure would be the U.S. Pavillion at >>Canada's >> "JR> Expo67 in Montreal. I believe steel was used for that >> "JR> dome's huge skeleton. >>> "JR> HJ.ROSEN@SRS.GOV< >>>Actually, it was made of aluminum extrusions.< >>>Jeff Weiner< >>>jeff@ican.com< >>My information agrees with the steel construction for the EXPO 67 US >>Pavillion. It was constructed of steel pipes slotted at the ends to join >>onto cast multi-fingered connectors. Once in place the pipe slots were >>welded onto the connector fingers which fit exactly into the slots. I read >>somewhere that one of the problems that this construction system had was >>the fact that it was too rigid and due to thermal stresses tended to be >>susceptible to cracks requiring re-welding. I've seen the joint >>construction up close (years after the fire that destroyed the skin). The >>dome was an incredible accomplishment considering they evidently used log >>tables for calculations, took 2 years and were hoping that there weren't >>errors in the tables. No flame intended, but that's pretty sad. Computer techs call work like that a hack (like we have room to speak...). >>Thermal stress is often referred to as causing problems in dome >>construction. I believe that the way to minimize this is to design an >>insulation and weather break system which goes on the outside of the >>structure so that the structure doesn't have to take the bulk of the >>expansion and contraction. >>kbrown@atc.edmonton.ab.ca >> Isn't this because the domes themselves are too loose? Could one solution be to make them more rigid by increasing the tension in the structure? I suppose this would be easier with a tensegrity or double-layered octetruss construction. -------------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 6 Jul 1994 00:05:33 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: Re: Hello! and pi (and somewhat long). In-Reply-To: Message of Tue, 5 Jul 1994 18:30:06 -0400 from On Tue, 5 Jul 1994 18:30:06 -0400 Vincent J. Matsko said: >Hi! I'm new to this newsgroup. Welcome! And don't worry about those two bounced messages you received everyone who posts seems to get two bounced messages. > [Stuff deleted] > >Re: The practicality of pi: I have done quite a bit of solid geometry >(Fuller was inspirational for me), and I have never had occasion to use >pi. I think the natural choice of "unit" for angles to be >"revolutions", thus the range 0-360 degrees is just the range 0-1. Now >these numbers are "dimensionless", being interpreted as the fraction of >the area of a circle that the sector cut out by the angle occupies. > >Now let's take the discussion to three dimensions. We wish to have a >measure of solid angle so that we may discuss spacefilling ideas. So >define the measure of a solid angle to be that fraction of a sphere >(centered at the vertex of the angle) cut out be the solid angle. If A, >B, and C are the measures of the dihedral angles of a solid angle, and >the measure of the angle is 1/2(A + B + C - 1/2). Example: Take the >corner of a cube. Each dihedral angle has measure 1/4 (i.e., 90 >degrees). So the measure of the solid angle determined by a corner is >1/2(1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 - 1/2) = 1/8. Now in a cubic packing of space, 8 >corners of the cube meet at a point, so it makes sense that each corner >should occupy "one-eighth of the space" about the vertex of that corner. This is great! Does this formula have a name? Did you derive it yourself? Suddenly everything seems rational again :) Is there a simple way to verify your formula in the general case? >Thus, we may talk of solid angles in 3D without needing to bring in pi, >the results being, I believe, more geometrically intuitive. And, being >that Fuller's rather discrete geometry really never concerns itself with >circles or spheres (I suppose excepting sphere packings), pi is not >really needed. > >Re: The irrationality of the height of an equilateral triangle (a la >Chris Fearnley): Again, I think it a matter of perspective. One may >take an easy way out (I often do) and say that the square of the ratio >of the height of an equilateral triangle to its edge is 3/4. Voila, a >rational number! Or alternatively, sometimes an expression involving >square roots may be described as the solution of a quadratic equation >with integer coefficients (i.e., the golden ratio is a root of x^2 = x + >1). This reminds me of the "canonical form" problem in mathematics. I realized in college that the notion of canonical form is ridiculous. Who cares if you have a sqrt() in the denominator of a fraction? Isn't a fraction of fractions still a fraction? If expressions not in canonical form are "bad" then doesn't that taint the whole derivation? Of course NOT! For synergetics calculations we are defining a new asthetic for canonical form. One that is more geometrically intuitive and hence explainable to young children. From this perspective, it doesn't matter if we need to do "ugly" calculations to get some result - just put it in canonical (synergetic) form at the end. And by trying to do whole derivations entirely in synergetics (canonical) we accomplish the dual objectives of getting a clear geometrical representation and it's the one Nature is actually using in her transformings and intertransformings. >Now on another level, this is unsatisfactory, and I can't offer a good >answer. Allow me a suggestion: change the comparison. For example, >what is the ratio of the volume of a regular tetrahedron to the volume >of a cube when both have the same edge length? Answer: irrational and >irrelevant! Look through Fuller, and you never see (as least not to my >recollection) two such figures. One only encounters a tetrahedron and >the circumscribing cube. In this case, the ratio of the volumes is 1/3. > >Thus, not every "ratio" is rational; it depends upon what one takes the >ratio of. And setting a standard is not simple. I believe, for >example, that Williams in his book about structure gives data for the >Archimedean solids relative to an edge length of one, which I find >wholly unsatisfactory. Here is my choice for the "basic" Platonic >solids: Begin with a tetrahedron, circumscribe a cube, and for the >octahedron, take the dual to the cube (in the sense that the edge of >duals perpendicularly bisect each other). Now the cube may in turn be >inscribed in a dodecahedron, whose dual is an icosahedron. Now compute >ratios of volumes of these figures, not those with edge length of one! >For it is these figures which "naturally" occur in concert with each >other. When reading synergetics it struck me that perhaps there are two (or three) basic phases in the Universe - tetra (octa) and icosa. Clearly the tetra and icosa are a bit out of phase. Well, this is really the A, B, and T quanta modules (any others to add to the list). If I remember correctly (haven't checked into this) the A, B, and T quanta modules are not geometrically interderivable. So your regular polyhedra heirarchy may be just another way of looking at the three fundamental geometrical forms in Universe - my so-called canonical (rational) forms. >For those ratios involving icosahedra/dodecahedra, one must be satisfied >with rationals and the golden ratio as well. In fact, I am inclined to >submit that the golden ratio be given honorary "rational" status! > >Well, that's enough for now, I see that I have been long-winded. I hope >that I haven't been too vague. Well, I had to read it twice, but you were pretty clear. Thanks for the intellectual work-out! Do Enjoy! > >Vince Matsko ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 6 Jul 1994 11:13:00 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "H. Jeffrey Rosen" Subject: Re: Earthquake-Proof >>"JR> of non-wood dome superstructure would be the U.S. Pavillion at >>Canada's >> "JR> Expo67 in Montreal. I believe steel was used for that >> "JR> dome's huge skeleton. >>> "JR> HJ.ROSEN@SRS.GOV< >>>Actually, it was made of aluminum extrusions.< >>>Jeff Weiner< >>>jeff@ican.com< >>Thermal stress is often referred to as causing problems in dome >>construction. I believe that the way to minimize this is to design an >>insulation and weather break system which goes on the outside of the >>structure so that the structure doesn't have to take the bulk of the >>expansion and contraction. >>kbrown@atc.edmonton.ab.ca >> Isn't this because the domes themselves are too loose? Could one solution be to make them more rigid by increasing the tension in the structure? I suppose this would be easier with a tensegrity or double-layered octetruss construction. ---------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com I suggest considering a spherical, pseudo-jitterbug articulated structure which could grow/shrink in harmony with thermal effects on the proposed dome's outer layers. Thermic sensors would feed a central scaling column that would adjust mechanically to keep the dome surface taut. There is a small scale model of this structure in the atrium of the Liberty Science Center in Jersey City, NJ - It's motorized to show the shrink/grow capability to maximum effect. It may be a brainchild of geodesic design. ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 6 Jul 1994 17:58:37 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: scimatec5@UOFT02.UTOLEDO.EDU Organization: University of Toledo Subject: Re: Earthquake-Proof In article <01HED407S78Y9AOEY7@delphi.com>, "" writes: >>>My information agrees with the steel construction for the EXPO 67 US >>>Pavillion. It was constructed of steel pipes slotted at the ends to join >>>onto cast multi-fingered connectors. Once in place the pipe slots were >>>welded onto the connector fingers which fit exactly into the slots. I read >>>somewhere that one of the problems that this construction system had was >>>the fact that it was too rigid and due to thermal stresses tended to be >>>susceptible to cracks requiring re-welding. I've seen the joint >>>construction up close (years after the fire that destroyed the skin). The >>>dome was an incredible accomplishment considering they evidently used log >>>tables for calculations, took 2 years and were hoping that there weren't >>>errors in the tables. > > No flame intended, but that's pretty sad. Computer techs call work like > that a hack (like we have room to speak...). > >>>Thermal stress is often referred to as causing problems in dome >>>construction. I believe that the way to minimize this is to design an >>>insulation and weather break system which goes on the outside of the >>>structure so that the structure doesn't have to take the bulk of the >>>expansion and contraction. >>>kbrown@atc.edmonton.ab.ca >>> > > Isn't this because the domes themselves are too loose? Could one > solution be to make them more rigid by increasing the tension in the > structure? I suppose this would be easier with a tensegrity or > double-layered octetruss construction. Well, perhaps the domes could be more dynamic. Say, make those slots movable clips, rather than welded ones, so that the structure is able to expand and contract with the weather. The the skin could be a one piece (to make weather tight) and somehow dynamic as well (how? I'm not sure =) Steve Mather ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 6 Jul 1994 17:32:15 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Vincent J. Matsko" Organization: Sponsored account, Mathematics, Carnegie Mellon, Pittsburgh, PA Subject: Re: Hello! and pi (and somewhat long). In-Reply-To: About the formula for a solid angle (i.e., 1/2(A + B + C - 1/2)): No, I cannot claim originality for this formula. It is derived from a standard result (in the CRC, e.g.) for the area of a spherical triangle by changing the units to revolutions and by dividing by the surface area of the sphere in question (so as to yield a ratio rather than an "absolute" area). As far as a generalization goes: (1) for an n-hedral angle with dihedral angles A1,...,An, the formula for the measure of the solid angle is 1/2(A1 + A2 + ... + An + 1 - n/2), which reduces to the above for n = 3. (2) However, in higher dimensions, there is no simple formula. Coxeter addresses the issue briefly in his "Regular Polytopes", where he includes a formidable 4D formula derived by Schlafli. It's really rather nasty looking, if I must say. Re: "Synergistic calculations/results": I noticed the use of such terms in your (Chris Fearnley's) post. Could you elaborate on what you mean by these terms? Re: Tetra/Octa/Icosa: Chris Fearnley remarks that the tetra and icosa are "out of phase". Again, I am unsure how to interpret such a phrase. My feeling is that these three polyhedra are quite intimately related. I offer as justification several polyhedral models from Magnus Wenninger's book "Polyhedron Models" - search the stellations of the icosahedron for (1) the compound of five tetrahedra, (2) the compound of ten tetrahedra, and (3) the compound of five octahedra. (Anyone else out there interested in stellations of polyhedra?) For those interested in group theory, from a group theoretical perspective, we can view the symmetry groups of the tetrahedron and the octhahedron as subgroups of the symmetry group of the icosahedron (with reflections included) - so that, in a sense, the tetrahedron and octahedron are "children" of the icosahedron. However, I know of no nice decomposition of the icosahedron into "modules" such as the quanta modules of Fuller (mentioned in Chris Fearnley's post). Does anyone know of such a decomposition? Well, enough for today. P.S. Anyone interested in the geodesic decompositions described in Wenninger's "Spherical Models"? Vince ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 7 Jul 1994 06:20:08 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Wei Chen Organization: Computer Science Department, Stanford University. Subject: newsletter Does anyone know any electronic newsletter on the net about news in geodesic area? -- Wei Chen Dept of Computer Science Stanford University ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 7 Jul 1994 05:02:29 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: Re: Hello! and pi (and somewhat long). In-Reply-To: Message of Wed, 6 Jul 1994 17:32:15 -0400 from On Wed, 6 Jul 1994 17:32:15 -0400 Vincent J. Matsko said: [Stuff deleted] > >Re: "Synergistic calculations/results": I noticed the use of such terms >in your (Chris Fearnley's) post. Could you elaborate on what you mean >by these terms? Without the context it's difficult. I quickly jumped to the newsreader and came back, but I'm doubtfull that I can remeber the context. I think in the broadest sense "synergetics calculations/results" are those geometric problems one raises when working from Bucky's perspective. So one is trying to keep to the "rational" if at all possible. > >Re: Tetra/Octa/Icosa: Chris Fearnley remarks that the tetra and icosa >are "out of phase". Again, I am unsure how to interpret such a phrase. > My feeling is that these three polyhedra are quite intimately related. >I offer as justification several polyhedral models from Magnus >Wenninger's book "Polyhedron Models" - search the stellations of the >icosahedron for (1) the compound of five tetrahedra, (2) the compound of >ten tetrahedra, and (3) the compound of five octahedra. (Anyone else >out there interested in stellations of polyhedra?) "out of phase" could mean incommensurable in terms of volume relationship and symmetrical (5-fold vs. 3-fold). Of course they are related in many ways too. The volume incommensurability issue I think is the main worry for me about how to keep "rational" perspective." > >For those interested in group theory, from a group theoretical >perspective, we can view the symmetry groups of the tetrahedron and the >octhahedron as subgroups of the symmetry group of the icosahedron (with >reflections included) - so that, in a sense, the tetrahedron and >octahedron are "children" of the icosahedron. However, I know of no >nice decomposition of the icosahedron into "modules" such as the quanta >modules of Fuller (mentioned in Chris Fearnley's post). Does anyone >know of such a decomposition? Was I making unwarrented assumptions or is my intuition correct: The T module is based on the rhombic triacontahedron. Is it not intimately connected with the icosa? Perhaps with a rational volume ratio? Now that you got me curious - I wonder what type of "orthoscheme" breakdowns of the icosa would prove fruitful? Neat stuff about the symmetry groups - two bad I hadn't fully read your post before replying above :) > >Well, enough for today. > >P.S. Anyone interested in the geodesic decompositions described in >Wenninger's "Spherical Models"? > >Vince ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 7 Jul 1994 23:44:23 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: scimatec5@UOFT02.UTOLEDO.EDU Organization: University of Toledo Subject: Re: Earthquake-Proof In article "H. Jeffrey Rosen" writes: > I suggest considering a spherical, pseudo-jitterbug articulated structure which > could grow/shrink in harmony with thermal effects on the proposed dome's > outer layers. Thermic sensors would feed a central scaling column that would > adjust mechanically to keep the dome surface taut. > > There is a small scale model of this structure in the atrium of the > Liberty Science Center in Jersey City, NJ - It's motorized to show the > shrink/grow capability to maximum effect. It may be a brainchild of > geodesic design. I once thought of making a similar structure, but failed to see any use. I didn't think of thermal expansion needs, they usually don't matter in a conventional structure. The idea uses center-bodied octet truss tensegrity components (octahedral) that are pneumatic. They can extend or contract when needed, in this case according to thermal stresses. With this, no central column is required, because the structure retains its rigidness through this system. As the trusses expand, the tensile components slide along the ends of these, causing the structure to shrink in surface area and volume (and vise-versa) according to thermal stresses. The entire structure can be covered by a sort of "scale- like" (as in reptile scales) covering. The covering (roof/walls)will be able to expand and contract with the structure to provide weather protection. Steve Mather ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 8 Jul 1994 02:47:29 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kirby Urner Subject: Deriving PI without trig RE: Deriving PI w/o trigonometry I've come up with an algorithm for deriving pi that uses no trig, just pythagoras. Involves filling a unit circle with a fractal pattern of similar triangles, thereby approaching pi as an *area* (vs circumference). The algorithm is easiest expressed as a short computer program: ---------------------------------------------------- pi=2 hypot=2^0.5 FOR n=1 TO 30 height=1-(1-(hypot/2)^2)^0.5 newhypot=(height^2+(hypot/2)^2)^0.5 newarea=1/2*height*hypot pi=pi+2^(n+1)*newarea ? pi hypot=newhypot ENDFOR ---------------------------------------------------- The output of which (from the line reading '? pi') reads: First 5 terms: 2.828427124746190000 3.061467458920718000 3.121445152258052000 3.136548490545939000 3.140331156954753000 Last 7 terms: 3.141592653589789000 3.141592653589793000 3.141592653589793000 3.141592653589793000 3.141592653589793000 3.141592653589793000 3.141592653589793000 As you can see, I reach the limits of my computer's accuracy (using this particular programming language) at about 25 iterations. There's some specific geometric reasoning that led to this algorithm of course, which involves starting with an inscribed square (2 triangles) and successively bisecting outer edges (hypotenuses) to create a series of smaller and smaller similar triangles pushing into the unfilled arc regions. As the triangles get smaller, their numbers multiply exponentially, hence the fractal-like (self-similar) nature of the algorithm. This method may have already been published many times, but I derived it from scratch I'm proud to say. -- Kirby Urner ------------------------------------------------ Kirby T. Urner pdx4d@teleport.com 4D Solutions (teleport.com is a public access node) Portland, Oregon ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 8 Jul 1994 08:53:00 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "H. Jeffrey Rosen" Subject: Re: Earthquake-Proof In article "H. Jeffrey Rosen" writes: > I suggest considering a spherical, pseudo-jitterbug articulated structure which > could grow/shrink in harmony with thermal effects on the proposed dome's > outer layers. Thermic sensors would feed a central scaling column that would > adjust mechanically to keep the dome surface taut. > > There is a small scale model of this structure in the atrium of the > Liberty Science Center in Jersey City, NJ - It's motorized to show the > shrink/grow capability to maximum effect. It may be a brainchild of > geodesic design. I once thought of making a similar structure, but failed to see any use. I didn't think of thermal expansion needs, they usually don't matter in a conventional structure. The idea uses center-bodied octet truss tensegrity components (octahedral) that are pneumatic. They can extend or contract when needed, in this case according to thermal stresses. With this, no central column is required, because the structure retains its rigidness through this system. As the trusses expand, the tensile components slide along the ends of these, causing the structure to shrink in surface area and volume (and vise-versa) according to thermal stresses. The entire structure can be covered by a sort of "scale- like" (as in reptile scales) covering. The covering (roof/walls)will be able to expand and contract with the structure to provide weather protection. Steve Mather The overlapping scales concept has some inherent physical liabilities. One example is that scale-to-scale contact admits many mechanical failure and corrosion points. Another is the need to accomodate three dimensional expansion/contraction physics due to intrusion of water during freeze/thaw temperature cycles. The Montreal dome applied an inside surface solution to this puzzle by "pulling the windowshades" on certain translucent skin panels receiving direct sunlight. Perhaps this technique can be paired with a suitable photo-optical phase change or dichroic material to minimize the greenhouse heating (and subsequent lift!) within large domes. Jeff Rosen ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 8 Jul 1994 13:41:35 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Mike Kohl Subject: Residential Domes I am looking for manufacturers of residential size geodesic domes. Any help would be appreciated. *************************************************************************** Michael P. Kohl, P.E. Phone (404) 453-7455 Michael_Kohl@INS.com Fax (404) 740-1506 International Network Services Pager (800) 710-0104 "There are only two mistakes one can make in business - > acting when you shouldn't and not acting when you should". > Dr. W. Edwards Deming Consultant in Statistical Studies *************************************************************************** ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 8 Jul 1994 15:15:59 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Jack Goodman Organization: The University of Kentucky Subject: Re: Residential Domes In article <9407081741.AA02228@provider.ins.com> Mike Kohl writes: >I am looking for manufacturers of residential size geodesic domes. ... One that I'm aware of (the source of the shell components we bought) is Oregon Dome, Inc. 3215 Meadow Lane Eugene, OR 97402 (503) 689-3443 -jg *** pha146.ukcc.uky.edu The Odyssey Farm, Bourbon County, Kentucky *** ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 8 Jul 1994 18:19:04 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: Developing an operational pi (part of post deleted) Chris writes... >The trial-by-error method does offer a rational way to calculate your >height of the equilateral triangle - but it's too slow for an impatient >world. And nature doesn't care about its height - she just "expands" >the consequences of gravity and radiation. In a narrowly defined category of problems, this is true. In other contexts, it is irrelevant; but then Synergetics isn't concerned with other contexts - or is it? (I don't like the apparently arbitrary casting-off of entire problem domains that, well, most Synergetic-accounting discussions tend to take on. That's not a flame but an observation. If someone asks, 'What is the length of a right-triangle's hypotenuese," the synergeticist' response would be 'It has no structural meaning, and is therefore irrelevant.' But this is not valid line of reasoning, because clearly these relationships do have significance at times.) > Also it seems possible that >mathematics was developed specifically to solve arbitrary problems. >Maybe synergetics is more for understanding Nature and solving >anticipatory design science problems. In sum I think that mathematics >may always be the better tool for arbitrary calculations (the height >of some figure such as the equilateral triangle). Not all problems are rationally tractable, so I think this is true. But mathematics was not 'developed specifically' (no intonation intended, just using your words) so I think it could not have been 'developed specifically to solve arbitrary problems'. Mathematics is an outgrowth of the human mind; the human mind is not entirely rational, therefore mathematics is not entirely rational. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 8 Jul 1994 19:04:50 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Matthew V. J. Whalen" Subject: Re: Residential Domes In-Reply-To: Your message of "Fri, 08 Jul 1994 15:15:59 EDT." <199407081958.PAA13611@tis.telos.com> >In article <9407081741.AA02228@provider.ins.com> >Mike Kohl writes: > >>I am looking for manufacturers of residential size geodesic domes. ... > > One that I'm aware of (the source of the shell components we bought) is > > Oregon Dome, Inc. > 3215 Meadow Lane > Eugene, OR 97402 > (503) 689-3443 You can also try: Timberline Geodesics 2015 Blake St. Berkeley, California 94704 (800) DOME-HOME -matthew ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 8 Jul 1994 19:41:43 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: scimatec5@UOFT02.UTOLEDO.EDU Organization: University of Toledo Subject: Thermal expansion problems, was Re: Earthquake-Proof In article <01HEGIZX09QS001Q9K@mr.srs.gov>, "H. Jeffrey Rosen" writes: > In article "H. Jeffrey Rosen" writes: > >> I suggest considering a spherical, pseudo-jitterbug articulated structure >> which >> could grow/shrink in harmony with thermal effects on the proposed dome's >> outer layers. Thermic sensors would feed a central scaling column that would >> adjust mechanically to keep the dome surface taut. (some deleted) >> I once thought of making a similar structure, but >> failed to see any use. I didn't think of thermal >> expansion needs, they usually don't matter in a >> conventional structure. >> >> The idea uses center-bodied octet truss tensegrity >> components (octahedral) that are pneumatic. They >> can extend or contract when needed, in this case >> according to thermal stresses. With this, no central >> column is required, because the structure retains its >> rigidness through this system. As the trusses expand, >> the tensile components slide along the ends of these, >> causing the structure to shrink in surface area and >> volume (and vise-versa) according to thermal stresses. >> The entire structure can be covered by a sort of "scale- >> like" (as in reptile scales) covering. The covering >> (roof/walls)will be able to expand and contract with >> the structure to provide weather protection. >> >> Steve Mather > > The overlapping scales concept has some inherent physical liabilities. > One example is that scale-to-scale contact admits many mechanical failure > and corrosion points. Another is the need to accomodate three dimensional > expansion/contraction physics due to intrusion of water during freeze/thaw > temperature cycles. > > The Montreal dome applied an inside surface solution to this puzzle by > "pulling > the windowshades" on certain translucent skin panels receiving direct > sunlight. > Perhaps this technique can be paired with a suitable photo-optical phase > change> or dichroic material to minimize the greenhouse heating (and > subsequent lift!) > within large domes. There is a gel of some sort I once read about that does this (I'll have to look it up.) It can be sandwiched between two windows. It turns opaque, or translucent (I can't remember) when the temperature inside gets above what's desirable. The scale idea does have its problems. Perhaps some sort of sliding rubber buffer (much like the sealing around conventional doors, but moving) could take the abrasion and prevent leakage of air or water. The scales would overlap in all directions, much like shingles, thus accomadating (I know I spelled that one wrong) three dimentional expansion. I'm working on a model right now to work out any problems involved. If any of you notice any now, please post. Steve Mather ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 8 Jul 1994 19:51:17 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: scimatec5@UOFT02.UTOLEDO.EDU Organization: University of Toledo Subject: Re: Deriving PI without trig In article <199407080948.CAA11846@teleport.com>, Kirby Urner writes: > RE: Deriving PI w/o trigonometry > > I've come up with an algorithm for deriving pi that uses > no trig, just pythagoras----- Much deleted > 3.141592653589793000 > > As you can see, I reach the limits of my computer's > accuracy (using this particular programming language) at > about 25 iterations. > > There's some specific geometric reasoning that led to this > algorithm of course, which involves starting with an > inscribed square (2 triangles) and successively bisecting > outer edges (hypotenuses) to create a series of smaller > and smaller similar triangles pushing into the unfilled > arc regions. As the triangles get smaller, their numbers > multiply exponentially, hence the fractal-like > (self-similar) nature of the algorithm. > > This method may have already been published many times, > but I derived it from scratch I'm proud to say. Correct me if I'm wrong (I haven't fully understood this discussion =) but isn't this different from the other calculations in that it's two dimensional rather than three? This I understand. The three-dimentional I do not. Perhaps I've been flirting with Plato too long. =) Steve Mather ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 9 Jul 1994 12:31:11 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kirby Urner Subject: Re: Deriving PI without trig >In article <199407080948.CAA11846@teleport.com>, Kirby Urner > writes: >> RE: Deriving PI w/o trigonometry >> >> I've come up with an algorithm for deriving pi that uses >> no trig, just pythagoras----- > >Much deleted > >> 3.141592653589793000 >> > >Correct me if I'm wrong (I haven't fully understood this >discussion =) but isn't this different from the other >calculations in that it's two dimensional rather than three? > >This I understand. The three-dimentional I do not. >Perhaps I've been flirting with Plato too long. =) > > Steve Mather > > As I recall, the thread began with a polygon (not hedron) inscribed in a circle, with a question about how to use its increasing number of edges to generate pi, but without using trig functions. I haven't seen any "solid" geometric derivations proposed --it'd be overkill I think, just to get pi. My solution is to tile a circle with smaller and smaller triangles, like one of those Escher things with angels and devils shrinking ad infinitum towards the outer edge. I can compute the area of each successive generation of triangle, and their number, and add this area to the cummulative total, gradually approaching and area of pi (unit circle area = pi) in that way. Something similar could be done with tetrahedra I suppose. David Koski is a master of the self-similar tetrahedron fractal. He uses the golden ratio (phi -- not pi) to scale T modules. Phi-scaled T-mods of various sizes actually pack together to make cubes, icosahedra and other 5-fold symmetric solids. Even more shapes may be made if variant modules, each assembled from 6 of the 7 unique edges of the golden cuboid* are admitted to the phi-scaled building-block inventory. Yasushi Kajikawa of the Synergetics Institute in Japan has a competing module set for assembling 5-fold symmetric shapes, and a hypercard stack for the Macintosh to show how it works. Kajikawa's work was actually published in Scientific American (Japanese edition only) whereas David Koski's work is as yet unpublished. The literature of module sets, finding a minimum inventory of building blocks for assembling a wide variety of shapes (ala Fuller's Mite, Kyte, Syte discussion) is fairly large. There's that dome architect from Iceland who's into it, and that book on particle physics which tries to model quantum mechanics using polyhedra (Fuller pushed in this direction of course). I lose comprehension when the discussion tries to phase energy into the picture. I'm more comfortable with "pre-frequency" pure principle abstractions. But I digress. None of this is about pi per se, but about phi and the ability of tetrahedra (irregular) to assemble into various 5-fold regular shapes. Plus we have the A and B quanta for the 4-fold shapes: regular tetra, octa, rhombic dodeca, cubocta etc. -- Kirby Urner * Golden cuboid: a phi-scaled brick, with face diagonals and the body diagonal giving additional unique edges ------------------------------------------------ Kirby T. Urner pdx4d@teleport.com 4D Solutions (teleport.com is a public access node) Portland, Oregon ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 10 Jul 1994 00:23:23 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: scimatec5@UOFT02.UTOLEDO.EDU Organization: University of Toledo Subject: Re: Deriving PI without trig In article <199407091932.MAA02473@teleport.com>, Kirby Urner writes: >>In article <199407080948.CAA11846@teleport.com>, Kirby Urner >> writes: >>> RE: Deriving PI w/o trigonometry >>> >>> I've come up with an algorithm for deriving pi that uses >>> no trig, just pythagoras----- >> >>Much deleted >> >>> 3.141592653589793000 >>> > >> >>Correct me if I'm wrong (I haven't fully understood this >>discussion =) but isn't this different from the other >>calculations in that it's two dimensional rather than three? >> >>This I understand. The three-dimentional I do not. >>Perhaps I've been flirting with Plato too long. =) >> >> Steve Mather >> >> > > As I recall, the thread began with a polygon (not hedron) > inscribed in a circle, with a question about how to use > its increasing number of edges to generate pi, but without > using trig functions. I haven't seen any "solid" geometric > derivations proposed --it'd be overkill I think, just to get pi. I was more lost than I thought. =) > My solution is to tile a circle with smaller and smaller > triangles, like one of those Escher things with angels and > devils shrinking ad infinitum towards the outer edge. I can > compute the area of each successive generation of triangle, > and their number, and add this area to the cummulative total, > gradually approaching and area of pi (unit circle area = pi) > in that way. The picture that I had of yours (albiet I was guessing =) was of successive triangles based from the center. First you would take the square, get the ratio of its edges to its diameter. Then make an octagon and get its ratio. Then a 16 sided figure, and so on until infinity (or until your computer gives up.) I'll have to go back and read those old posts I guess.... =) I haven't done any programming, so I had no idea what you were doing there. Steve Mather ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 10 Jul 1994 00:39:59 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: scimatec5@UOFT02.UTOLEDO.EDU Organization: University of Toledo Subject: Re: Developing an operational pi In article <01HEH1JNV9VM9APL78@delphi.com>, "" writes: > (part of post deleted) > > Chris writes... > >>The trial-by-error method does offer a rational way to calculate your >>height of the equilateral triangle - but it's too slow for an impatient >>world. And nature doesn't care about its height - she just "expands" >>the consequences of gravity and radiation. What you're speaking about with height is also called distance. Distance is never wholly "rational" not only because it's dynamic, but also because it doesn't move in whole number incremants. It moves in fluidly from one place to another and back, etc.. > In a narrowly defined category of problems, this is true. In other > contexts, it is irrelevant; but then Synergetics isn't concerned with other > contexts - or is it? (I don't like the apparently arbitrary casting-off of > entire problem domains that, well, most Synergetic-accounting discussions > tend to take on. That's not a flame but an observation. If someone asks, > 'What is the length of a right-triangle's hypotenuese," the synergeticist' > response would be 'It has no structural meaning, and is therefore > irrelevant.' But this is not valid line of reasoning, because clearly these > relationships do have significance at times.) > >> Also it seems possible that >>mathematics was developed specifically to solve arbitrary problems. >>Maybe synergetics is more for understanding Nature and solving >>anticipatory design science problems. In sum I think that mathematics >>may always be the better tool for arbitrary calculations (the height >>of some figure such as the equilateral triangle). > > Not all problems are rationally tractable, so I think this is true. But > mathematics was not 'developed specifically' (no intonation intended, just > using your words) so I think it could not have been 'developed specifically > to solve arbitrary problems'. Mathematics is an outgrowth of the human > mind; the human mind is not entirely rational, therefore mathematics is not > entirely rational. Agreed. Steve Mather ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 10 Jul 1994 10:25:13 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kirby Urner Subject: Re: Deriving PI without trig > >The picture that I had of yours (albiet I was guessing =) was >of successive triangles based from the center. First you would >take the square, get the ratio of its edges to its diameter. >Then make an octagon and get its ratio. Then a 16 sided figure, >and so on until infinity (or until your computer gives up.) >I'll have to go back and read those old posts I guess.... =) >I haven't done any programming, so I had no idea what you were >doing there. > > Steve Mather > I didn't give a very complete description since I know it can be frustrating to do geometry in ASCII. I'll give it a whirl though. Inscribe a square in a circle. Now imagine the mid-edges of the square moving out to touch the circle, making 4 triangles using each of the square's edges as a base. Now have the outer mid-edges of those new triangles move out to the circumference again, making more, smaller triangles. Repeat until the computer runs out of significant digits. This is not a picture of a pie with narrower and narrower slices, all converging at the center. It's a pie with big sections at the center and smaller and smaller ones pressing out towards the edge of the circle. I'm going to try distilling my little algorithm down into a simpler summation, using a SIGMA symbol. I'll post it soon. BTW: my wife, teenage step daughter, and 1-month-old infant and myself are flying to Lesotho, Africa in a week. I friend Nick, really into Fuller and a lot of other folk (John Cage, Bohm, Krishnamurti) will be manning the workstation in my absence. If he can figure how to work the email (I've done a training and left detailed instructions), he should be able to participate in the GEODESIC discussions. ------------------------------------------------ Kirby T. Urner pdx4d@teleport.com 4D Solutions (teleport.com is a public access node) Portland, Oregon ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 10 Jul 1994 15:25:32 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kirby Urner Subject: Deriving PI (trigless algorithm) RE: algorithm for pi using + - / * and powering only (no trig functions). I've further simplified, or at least re-expressed, an algorithm for generating pi without using trig functions. Unfortunately, ASCII makes the expressions look more complicated than they are. Those interested should rewrite using conventional notation. [] means subscript. ^ means "raised to power" e.g. 2^.5 means "2 to the one-half" or "2nd root of 2". SIGMA means one of those greek summation symbols (just a fancy symbol for a programmer's DO-loop)... (1) h[0]=2 (2) h[i+1]=(2-(4-h[i]^2)^.5)^.5 (3) pi=SIGMA{(2^i)*h[i]*(1-1/2*(4-h[i]^2)^.5)} where (i=0,1,2...) In other words, you start with h[0]=2, then plug that in to the left side of expression (2) to get h[1], plug h[1] in to get h[2] and so on. Expression (3) is a summation of terms indexed on i where i=0,1,2,3,4... and so on, as long as you want to continue. Note the term 2^i -- a successive doubling with each new term in the series, reflective of the doubling number of smaller and smaller triangles, the area of which is provided my the next two terms (a base*height expression). I've also simplified the computer program a bit: area = 0 hypot=2 FOR n=0 TO 25 height=1-(1-(hypot/2)^2)^0.5 area=area+2^n*height*hypot hypot=(height^2+(hypot/2)^2)^0.5 ENDFOR ? area After 25 iterations, area should = pi to 15 decimals. --------------------------------------------------------- (c) Kirby Urner, 1994 ------------------------------------------------ Kirby T. Urner pdx4d@teleport.com 4D Solutions (teleport.com is a public access node) Portland, Oregon ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 10 Jul 1994 19:56:30 -0500 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kiyoshi Kuromiya Subject: Re: Deriving PI without trig X-cc: rich@cpp.pha.pa.us In-Reply-To: from "Kirby Urner" at Jul 9, 94 12:31:11 pm >From Kirby Urner's message of 7/9/94: > > As I recall, the thread began with a polygon (not hedron) > inscribed in a circle, with a question about how to use > its increasing number of edges to generate pi, but without > using trig functions. I haven't seen any "solid" geometric > derivations proposed --it'd be overkill I think, just to get pi. > > My solution is to tile a circle with smaller and smaller > triangles, like one of those Escher things with angels and > devils shrinking ad infinitum towards the outer edge. I can > compute the area of each successive generation of triangle, > and their number, and add this area to the cummulative total, > gradually approaching and area of pi (unit circle area = pi) > in that way. > > Something similar could be done with tetrahedra I suppose. > David Koski is a master of the self-similar tetrahedron fractal. > He uses the golden ratio (phi -- not pi) to scale T modules. > Phi-scaled T-mods of various sizes actually pack together > to make cubes, icosahedra and other 5-fold symmetric solids. > Even more shapes may be made if variant modules, each assembled > from 6 of the 7 unique edges of the golden cuboid* are admitted to > the phi-scaled building-block inventory. > > Yasushi Kajikawa of the Synergetics Institute in Japan has > a competing module set for assembling 5-fold symmetric shapes, and > a hypercard stack for the Macintosh to show how it works. > Kajikawa's work was actually published in Scientific American > (Japanese edition only) whereas David Koski's work is as yet > unpublished. > > The literature of module sets, finding a minimum inventory of > building blocks for assembling a wide variety of shapes (ala > Fuller's Mite, Kyte, Syte discussion) is fairly large. There's > that dome architect from Iceland who's into it, and that book > on particle physics which tries to model quantum mechanics > using polyhedra (Fuller pushed in this direction of course). > I lose comprehension when the discussion tries to phase energy > into the picture. I'm more comfortable with "pre-frequency" > pure principle abstractions. > > But I digress. None of this is about pi per se, but about phi > and the ability of tetrahedra (irregular) to assemble into > various 5-fold regular shapes. Plus we have the A and B quanta > for the 4-fold shapes: regular tetra, octa, rhombic dodeca, > cuboctahedron ... --Kirby Urner Greeting, Kirby-- I thought I would share part of an article ("Cosmic Noise") by George Johnson in today's New York Times (7/9/94): In trying to construct a science of science, people like Dr. Chaitin and Dr. Landauer are questioning some of the deepest assumptions of their craft. Since Newton, scientific laws have been expressed in the form of differential equations, which have exact solutions, and with the so-called real numbers, which can be expressed as infinitely long decimal expansions. Pi equals 3.14159 .... In practice, science inevitably falls short of this ideal of infinite precision. In quantum physics, the simplest atom--hydrogen, with one proton and one electron--can be described precisely. But the equation for the helium atom, with its additional proton--is intractable. We must make do with good approximations. Estimates of the size of the shards of the Shoemaker-Levy comet vary so widely that some scientists predict there will be no measureable impact on Jupiter at all. Science has long operated on the assumption that space is continuous, with infinitely many points between two marks on a line. Mathematicians have calculated pi beyond a billion decimal places. But 61 decimal places are enough to describe a circle girding the visible universe with a deviation of less than a single Planck length--a unit 10-to the twentieth power (1 followed by 20 zeroes) times smaller than a proton. this seems as close to perfectly circular as a real circle can be. Do the rest of the decimal places have any meaning? The mathematician Herman Weyl once said that the belief in an infinite continuum of numbers "taxes the strength of our faith hardly less than the doctrines of the early Fathers of the Church or the Scholastic philosophers of the Middle Ages." Few scientists are ready to abandon differential equations and real numbers for the more realistic mathematics Dr. Chaitin is proposing. but in seeking a foundation for science, everything is up for grabs, including the universality of mathematics. For centuries philosophers have debated whether mathematics is invented or discovered. Taking a middle ground, the 19th-century mathematician Leopold Kronecker declared, "God made the integers; all else is the work of man." Einstein, it seems, went even further. Even the integers, he wrote, are obviously an invention of the human mind, a self-created tool which simplifies the ordering of certain sensory experiences." I found the above excerpt interesting, as is the work of Chaitin. Both Ed Applewhite and myself have attended lectures given by Chaitin in recent years. --Kiyoshi Kuromiya kiyoshi@cpp.pha.pa.us Critical Path Project BBS (215) 463-7160 Fuller Information Xchange expanding to 8 phone lines, all 14.4 k bps 2.6 gigabytes storage ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 10 Jul 1994 21:37:12 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Hawku Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364) Subject: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II I have been looking for a copy of Synergetics II for several years. I have tried Booklook and other book search organizations to no avail. Any clues or pointers would be greatly appreciated. Having recently discovered this newsgroup, I am delighted to find an ongoing discussion of Fuller's ideas and hope to make some contribution soon. Richard Hawkins ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 10 Jul 1994 20:24:00 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kirby Urner Subject: Re: Deriving PI without trig >From Kiyoshi Kuromiya >Science has long operated on the assumption that space is continuous, with >infinitely many points between two marks on a line. Mathematicians have >calculated pi beyond a billion decimal places. But 61 decimal places are >enough to describe a circle girding the visible universe with a deviation >of less than a single Planck length--a unit 10-to the twentieth power >(1 followed by 20 zeroes) times smaller than a proton. this seems as close >to perfectly circular as a real circle can be. Do the rest of the >decimal places have any meaning? > >The mathematician Herman Weyl once said that the belief in an infinite >continuum of numbers "taxes the strength of our faith hardly less than the >doctrines of the early Fathers of the Church or the Scholastic philosophers >of the Middle Ages." > > >I found the above excerpt interesting, as is the work of Chaitin. Both >Ed Applewhite and myself have attended lectures given by Chaitin in recent >years. > >--Kiyoshi Kuromiya > kiyoshi@cpp.pha.pa.us > Critical Path Project BBS (215) 463-7160 > Fuller Information Xchange > expanding to 8 phone lines, all 14.4 k bps > 2.6 gigabytes storage Excellent citation!! Let's get some of this in a next version of the GEODESIC FAQ, how 'bout. Note: I posted my pi algorithm to sci.math. Respondants are saying Archimedes did the same thing, but they're thinking I'm doing the n-gon thing, with narrower and narrower slices all converging at the center. But that's not what I'm doing. ------------------------------------------------ Kirby T. Urner pdx4d@teleport.com 4D Solutions (teleport.com is a public access node) Portland, Oregon ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 11 Jul 1994 00:09:40 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: Bucky Fuller FAQ Greetings All, Since last month I have added very, very little new material to the FAQ. I have, however, converted the FAQ to SGML. This means that I can generate ASCII, nroff (actually gtroff), postscript, LaTeX (the best, of course :), and html (!!!!) output. The ASCII form looks OK, but I need to examine the source code and make modification (hoo boy). I haven't got Mosaic up yet (I don't have an internet link yet - though I can run Mosaic under X Windows to take a gander at it). If anyone would like me to e-mail the html formated version, let me know (it may take a week or so to do, I've read the manual but that never seems to be enough :) Does any one want to offer an ftp site for the LaTeX and/or Postscript versions (postscript doesn't work yet, but I think the problem will subcumb to a small effort - LaTeX is GREAT). I've been unable to access Critical Path Project for two weeks (modem trouble and etc. :( ) So I was unable to get the FAQ approved by news.answers. I want to post the FAQ here for any newcomers, but I'm slightly disappointed by my accomplishments on this matter :( Maybe next week? On the bright side I have rendered several tensegrities and will be uuencoding them and posting them soon (In fact, one just finished rendering now - looks rather fantastic - but my tomorrow morning I'll probably be redoing it - that never ending search for perfection - ya' know :) BTW, GIF format seems too dark. I will do some experiments with jpeg. Does everyone have jpeg viewers? I have utilities to get nearly any format you need. Let me know. Until the problems with Critical Path are resolved You should e-mail me at either cfearnl@pacs.pha.pa.us or this address fearnlcj@duvm.ocs.drexel.edu. Do Enjoy! ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 10 Jul 1994 21:39:30 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kirby Urner Subject: Re: Bucky Fuller FAQ >Greetings All, > >On the bright side I have rendered several tensegrities and will be >uuencoding them and posting them soon (In fact, one just finished >rendering now - looks rather fantastic - but my tomorrow morning I'll >probably be redoing it - that never ending search for perfection - >ya' know :) BTW, GIF format seems too dark. I will do some experiments >with jpeg. Does everyone have jpeg viewers? I have utilities to get >nearly any format you need. Let me know. Got my uudecoder and jpeg viewer dusted off and ready for action. Upload away!! ------------------------------------------------ Kirby T. Urner pdx4d@teleport.com 4D Solutions (teleport.com is a public access node) Portland, Oregon ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 11 Jul 1994 04:46:00 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kirby Urner Organization: 4D Solutions Subject: Algorithm for PI (continued) Algorithm for PI ...continuation h[0]=2 h[1]=SQRT(2) h[2]=SQRT(2-SQRT(2)) h[3]=SQRT(2-SQRT(2+SQRT(2)) h[4]=SQRT(2-SQRT(2+SQRT(2))) h[5]=SQRT(2-SQRT(2+SQRT(2+SQRT(2)))) ... h[n]=SQRT(2-SQRT(2+SQRT(2+SQRT(2+...)))))... The above succession of terms derives from h[0]=2 h[i+1]=SQRT(2-SQRT(4-h[i]^2)) Another way of expressing the continued radical: i=0...n k[0]=0 h[0]=2 k[i+1]=SQRT(2+k[i]) h[i+1]=SQRT(2-k[i]) This "continued radical" (like a continued fraction) feeds terms into the summation: SIGMA{(2^i)*h[i]*SQRT(1-1/2*(4-h[i]^2))} to give pi. (c) Kirby Urner ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 11 Jul 1994 06:14:05 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Lee Wood Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II Richard Hawkins writes: >I have been looking for a copy of Synergetics II for several years. I ran across it (and a few other Fuller titles) last week in a used bookstore in Vancouver, Canada. Perhaps they'd be willing to mail it to you... in exchange for you VISA number, ov course. ;) Ashley's Books 3754 W 10th Ave Vancouver, BC Canada (604) 228-1180 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Lee Wood | Lee_Wood@sfu.ca | INTJ spoken here. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 11 Jul 1994 06:58:52 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Lee Wood Subject: Re: Bucky Fuller FAQ WRT Chris Fearnley's FAQ post, "It was Greek to me". >...SGML...nroff...gtroff... LaTeX...html...Mosaic...GIF...jpeg. [Though Postscript and ASCII I've heard of.] Perhaps someone can tell me which, if any, format from this list is appropriate for a Mac user. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Lee Wood | Lee_Wood@sfu.ca | INTJ spoken here. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 11 Jul 1994 09:55:00 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "H. Jeffrey Rosen" Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II Richard Hawkins writes: >I have been looking for a copy of Synergetics II for several years. I ran across it (and a few other Fuller titles) last week in a used bookstore in Vancouver, Canada. Perhaps they'd be willing to mail it to you... in exchange for you VISA number, ov course. ;) Ashley's Books 3754 W 10th Ave Vancouver, BC Canada (604) 228-1180 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Lee Wood | Lee_Wood@sfu.ca | INTJ spoken here. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= You could also inquire of the Fuller Institute in California. They once had a pretty respectable stockpile of Bucky's works, in new condition. Jeff Rosen hj.rosen@srs.gov ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 11 Jul 1994 10:42:28 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Vincent J. Matsko" Organization: Sponsored account, Mathematics, Carnegie Mellon, Pittsburgh, PA Subject: Re: Deriving PI without trig In-Reply-To: <199407091932.MAA02473@teleport.com> With regard to Kirby Urner's post of 9 July - Is there any more that you can offer about Koski's and Kajikawa's set of modules from which solids with icosahedral symmetry may be constructed? In particular, any specific references? Also, is the Japanese Sci. Am. article available in English? -Vince Matsko ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 11 Jul 1994 19:00:35 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kirby Urner Subject: Re: Deriving PI without trig >With regard to Kirby Urner's post of 9 July - Is there any more that you >can offer about Koski's and Kajikawa's set of modules from which solids >with icosahedral symmetry may be constructed? In particular, any >specific references? Also, is the Japanese Sci. Am. article available >in English? > >-Vince Matsko > > David Koski and I are friends and have worked together on his modules. I attended Kajikawa's Synergetica workshop at UCLA and learned things about his system, but don't know it as well as I know Koski's. I don't know for sure whether the Japanese Sci. Am article is available in English. The issue has dinosaurs on the cover (velociraptors?) -- same as the USA version. ------------------------------------------------ Kirby T. Urner pdx4d@teleport.com 4D Solutions (teleport.com is a public access node) Portland, Oregon ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 12 Jul 1994 01:16:03 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Hawku Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364) Subject: curVE I have made a model based on the Vector Equilibrium using quadrants (90 degree arcs) in place of straight lines. Visualize a cube with circular faces. All of the circumferentials (no radials in this model) are equidistant from the center of gravity; facilitating motion. View the model as 4 groups of 6 quadrants each forming "circuits" analogous to the 4 hexagonal components of the VE (cuboctahedron). Locate a rotating armature (straight-line structure) with its' pivot point at the center of gravity and ends at opposing points on one of the 4 "circuits". (I have used 4 different colors to help differentiate these in the model.) Animate the armature to make a complete revolution (keyframes at the beginning of each quadrant) around each "circuit" , alternating continously through the 4 different axes of rotation (4-D). Grouping another armature at 90 degrees centered to the first produced a surprising (to me) result. For each revolution around a "circuit" by the first armature, the grouped armature tracks opposing spherical triangles twice. It bobs and weaves! Sorry if this verbal description is not easy to visualize. I think I could upload the animation if someone could give me formatting and addressing instructions. Questions and comments welcome. Richard Hawkins ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 12 Jul 1994 07:24:06 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: Re: Bucky Fuller FAQ In-Reply-To: Message of Mon, 11 Jul 1994 06:58:52 -0700 from On Mon, 11 Jul 1994 06:58:52 -0700 Lee Wood said: >WRT Chris Fearnley's FAQ post, "It was Greek to me". > >>...SGML...nroff...gtroff... LaTeX...html...Mosaic...GIF...jpeg. > >[Though Postscript and ASCII I've heard of.] For the FAQ you want to be able to read/view or print LaTeX or Postscript (my personal favorite is LaTeX, but postscript is easier for many). LaTeX is a free formatting program. There is a port to DOS (of course, it's on UNIX). I just checked out the Tex/LaTeX FAQ and here is a quote: OzTeX is a public domain version of TeX for the Macintosh. A DVI Previewer and PostScript driver are also included. It should run on any Macintosh Plus, SE, II, or newer model, but will not work on a 128K or 512K Mac. It was written by Andrew Trevorrow, and is available via anonymous ftp from from midway.uchicago.edu (128.135.12.73) in ./pub/OzTeX, which contains other public domain TeX-related software for the Mac as well, or on a floppy disk from TUG (see question 11). Questions about OzTeX may be directed to oztex@midway.uchicago.edu. TUG is the TeX Users Group. TUGboat is their newsletter, containing useful articles about TeX and METAFONT. TUG also distributes TeX-related microcomputer software on disks. Inquiries should be directed to: TeX Users Group P. O. Box 869 Santa Barbara, CA 93102-0869 (USA) 805-963-1338 FAX: 805-963-8358 tug@tug.org html is the hypertext formatting system used by Mosaic, the premier WWW (World Wide Web) viewing system on the internet (if you don't have full internet access this isn't too exciting). SGML is the formatting program I'm using in order to be able to convert to all the other formats. It is useless unless you need this high level of flexibility. nroff, troff gtroff, etc. are the UNIX text processing system (useless for Mac users). GIF and JPEG are two popular formats for graphics files. I've decided to use JPEG (unless someone complains) because on my system X Windows JPEG looks much better than GIF (I don't know why but it could be some flaw in GIF format - it is the older format ya' know). Please consult the alt.binaries.pictures FAQ it contains information on several JPEG viewers for the Mac and all platforms. I'd quote them here, but being ignorant on Macs I don't know if system 6 is popular or not. There are several options. The biggest problem for non-Unix types is uuencode/uudecode. Since mail is an ascii-only thing, binary picture files are a problem. uuencode converts a binary file into ASCII jibberish which uudecode then turns into a binary again. There are three programs for the Mac that do this: UUlite, UUCat, and UUTool. See above FAQ for how to get them. > >Perhaps someone can tell me which, if any, format from this list >is appropriate for a Mac user. Any software I use should have a Mac/Unix/Amiga/DOS/etc. capability (well, almost any :) Certainly if I post it to the group, anyone should be able to view/use it. >=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= >Lee Wood | >Lee_Wood@sfu.ca | INTJ spoken here. >=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= BTW, let's end this thread here. Get the alt.binaries.pictures FAQ to learn about the graphics viewing (and etc.) info for your platform. See your local user's group if you can't get it. E-mail me if all else fails. Do Enjoy! Chris Fearnley ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 12 Jul 1994 08:16:32 -0400 Reply-To: "Shelly R. Mault" Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Shelly R. Mault" Subject: Re: DATABASE LIST DATABASE LIST ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 12 Jul 1994 09:23:00 -0400 Reply-To: "Shelly R. Mault" Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Shelly R. Mault" Subject: Re: DATABASE LIST DATABASE LIST ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 12 Jul 1994 12:55:00 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "by way of pdx4d@teleport.com Kirby Urner" Subject: Re: The Icosahedral Projection (& ancient cartography) This thread began in sci.math. Gets to the heart of what mathematics algorithms underlie the Dymaxion Projection. Kirby Urner writes: > > In article <2vs64v$av@gaia.ucs.orst.edu> sahr@thuja.FSL.ORST.EDU (Kevin Sahr) writes: > >From: sahr@thuja.FSL.ORST.EDU (Kevin Sahr) > >Subject: Re: The Icosahedral Projection (& ancient cartography) > >Date: 11 Jul 1994 19:22:07 GMT > > >In article <2vqmu9$3to@omnifest.uwm.edu> mark@omnifest.uwm.edu (Mark Hopkins) > >writes: > >> > >...history/motivation deleted... > >> > >>(2) The Icosahedral Projection > >> This is a projection I discovered (rediscovered?) about 8 years ago. It > >>consists of 20 triangular plates that can be arranged in a variety of ways. > >>To date (to the best of my knowledge) it is the only reconfigurable > >>projection. > >> > >...description deleted... > >> > > >This projection you've discovered is extremely similar to R. Buckminster > >Fuller's Dymaxion Airocean World Map in both motivation and conception, > >though subtly (to me, at least!) different in execution. Bucky's projection > >(which also individually projects each triangle of the spherical icosahedron) > >has the advantage that all great circle arcs parallel to any of the edges > >of a given icosahedron triangle are straight lines on the planar triangle, > >and distances along these arcs are preserved on the planar triangle. It > >has the disadvantage (big, big :( here!) that it does not seem to be > >mathematically well-defined. > >Kevin > > I believe the Fuller projection is mathematically well defined. The faces > of an icosa are subdivided into similar equilateral triangles, which are > pushed outward along radii from the sphere center to the surface (orthagonal > projection). The mathematics for doing this, same as for the domes, is > mathematically expressed and computer-implemented. And yes, more > work needs to be done to popularize this map and its methods. I don't believe your description of the projection method is correct; I don't think, for instance, that what you're saying (assuming I get your drift) would preserve distances along the great-circle arcs. I think what Fuller did was a bit more subtle than that; again I refer you to his "steel- straps and straws" illustration which appears in many of his books. If you have any references or code for doing the Fuller projection I would be very interested in seeing it. The information I have is from an unpublished paper by Robert W. Gray of IBM, "Fuller's Dymaxion Map." In it he recounts how Fuller developed what he called a "three-way great circle grid" to use as a reference system for manually transcribing points off of a globe onto a Dymaxion Map, and this is the system which appears in Fuller's 1946 patent of the Dymaxion Map. However, before his death Fuller realized that when this grid was projected to the plane the intersections of the arcs did not form points, but little triangles (_Cosmography_, pg. 236). Gray's version of the projection suggests taking the average of the location of the vertexes of these little triangles to use as the projected point location. One of the things we are exploring is how this averaging affects the properties of the projection at various scales. I do believe that the projection could be implemented "precisely" _to an arbitrary degree of precision_ by recursively sub-dividing the spherical triangle until a point of interest lies within the specified precision of one of the sub-triangle vertices and then using the corresponding vertex on the sub-divided planar triangle as the position of the planar location of the point. But I need to spend more time looking for an analytic method of accelerating this procedure before it would be sufficiently efficient for our use. But, I am more than open to being proved wrong about the mathematical nature of Fuller's projection! If you have more information I would appreciate hearing about it. Kevin -- //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // // Kevin Sahr Forestry Sciences Laboratory // // Research Associate/Programmer 3200 SW Jefferson Way // // Department of GeoSciences Corvallis, OR 97331 // // Oregon State University // // voice: (503) 750-7492 // // kevin@geochelone.fsl.orst.edu fax: (503) 750-7329 // // // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 12 Jul 1994 20:48:12 -0500 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Richard Hendricks Organization: Kansas State University Subject: Re: Deriving PI without trig Well, as far as deriveing PI without trig, how is deriving it without a circle? :) My old calulus book (Pub. by Heath/Written by Gillett) has a quote by Lord Kelvin: A mathematician is one to whom that [Referring to the Integral of e^(-x^2)dx taken from 0 to infinity equals SQR(pi)/2] is as obvious as that twice two makes four is to you. -- Richard Hendricks, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS Computer Engineering, KSU Consultant hendric@ksu.ksu.edu ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 13 Jul 1994 04:13:23 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: Way-Cool JPEG of a 6-strut Tensegrity! I designed this with POV-Ray, the copyrighted freeware raytracing program available as binaries for Mac, Amiga, DOS/Windows and Linux. It rendered in 58 minutes on my 486-33 Linux Workstation. I converted the 900K targa file to JPEG (JFIF) with the PBMPLUS toolkit (also freeware). Let me know what you think of it. The mathematical formulas were originally derived by John Kirk. I have the POV-Ray source and an awk script to generate a whole class of 6-strut Tensegrities that I can post. I originally wrote the awk script to animate it, but that may not happen soon :( I hope everyone gets this alright. tenseg-6.jpg (37717 bytes) Checksums: (Using GNU sum: sum -r tenseg-6.jpg; sum --sysv tenseg-6.jpg) 03426 37 21371 74 tenseg-6.jpg See the alt.binaries.pictures FAQ for info on where to obtain a uudecoder and a JPEG viewer if you don't already have them. 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M1110`5CWGA/P]?N7NM$L)')R7-NH8GW(&36Q10!BV7A#PYITPFM-"T^*4'(D M6W7 Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Maladjusted Cartoonist, Programming" Organization: Stevens Institute Of Technology Subject: Synergetics Geometry Toy Found The other day I was wandering through Star Magic -- another one of those science toy-type stores -- when I was about to complain that I never could find anything very interesting in such a store. Just as I began to speak, however, my friend said, "Sure, you play with the useless stuff and walk right past that thing you've been looking for for months." And he pointed me at a little kit called a Vector Flexor. I don't know how many of you have run into this, but its rather neat. It's basically colored sticks and rubber tubes, and the rubber tubes can be assembled into an X shape and the sticks stuck into them to make a vector equilibrium. It's pretty cool, because it can be made to jitterbug and it comes with a pretty detailed insert explaining what it is and even refers the buyer to several of Bucky's books. I plan to put a blurb up for the company on my WWW site. I don't have the information with me now, though, but I'll post it tomorrow, I think. -- Chris %SYSTEM-F-ACCVIO, access violation, reason mask=00, virtual address=00000000, PC =0000BFEF, PSL=03C00009 %TRACE-F-TRACEBACK, symbolic stack dump follows module name routine name line rel PC abs PC SIGNTAURE crywalt@vaxc.stevens-tech.edu 2010 00001010 DEADBEEF SIGNATURE main 2226 00000107 0000BFEF ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 13 Jul 1994 14:10:49 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Maladjusted Cartoonist, Programming" Organization: Stevens Institute Of Technology Subject: Re: Developing an operational pi In article <1994Jul9.193959.1@uoft02.utoledo.edu>, scimatec5@uoft02.utoledo.edu writes: > > What you're speaking about with height is also called > distance. Distance is never wholly "rational" not > only because it's dynamic, but also because it doesn't > move in whole number incremants. It moves in fluidly > from one place to another and back, etc.. Now this is untrue. Quantum physics tells us that things only move in quanta -- in rational increments. Perhaps these rational increments are the minimum length of the vectors in an isotropic vector matrix? Quantum theory is currently not taking any minimum distance into account, and it's causing physicists problems; Richard Feynman writes in his book _QED_ about this (I don't have it here so I can't quote it exactly) saying that at a certain point, quantum equations break down -- possibly because the idea that particles can get infinitely close to each other is wrong and possibly because they're not taking gravity into account. I'd say both. -- Chris %SYSTEM-F-ACCVIO, access violation, reason mask=00, virtual address=00000000, PC =0000BFEF, PSL=03C00009 %TRACE-F-TRACEBACK, symbolic stack dump follows module name routine name line rel PC abs PC SIGNTAURE crywalt@vaxc.stevens-tech.edu 2010 00001010 DEADBEEF SIGNATURE main 2226 00000107 0000BFEF ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 13 Jul 1994 08:02:47 -0500 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kiyoshi Kuromiya Subject: Re: The Icosahedral Projection (& ancient cartography) X-cc: rich@cpp.pha.pa.us In-Reply-To: from "uucp" at Jul 12, 94 12:55:00 pm > > This thread began in sci.math. Gets to the heart of what mathematics > algorithms underlie the Dymaxion Projection. > > Kirby Urner writes: > > > > In article <2vs64v$av@gaia.ucs.orst.edu> sahr@thuja.FSL.ORST.EDU (Kevin > Sahr) writes: > > >From: sahr@thuja.FSL.ORST.EDU (Kevin Sahr) > > >Subject: Re: The Icosahedral Projection (& ancient cartography) > > >Date: 11 Jul 1994 19:22:07 GMT > > > > >In article <2vqmu9$3to@omnifest.uwm.edu> mark@omnifest.uwm.edu (Mark Hopkin s) > > >writes: > > >> > > >...history/motivation deleted... > > >> > > >>(2) The Icosahedral Projection > > >> This is a projection I discovered (rediscovered?) about 8 years ago. I t > > >>consists of 20 triangular plates that can be arranged in a variety of ways . > > >>To date (to the best of my knowledge) it is the only reconfigurable > > >>projection. > > >> > > >...description deleted... > > >> > > > > >This projection you've discovered is extremely similar to R. Buckminster > > >Fuller's Dymaxion Airocean World Map in both motivation and conception, > > >though subtly (to me, at least!) different in execution. Bucky's projection > > >(which also individually projects each triangle of the spherical icosahedro n) > > >has the advantage that all great circle arcs parallel to any of the edges > > >of a given icosahedron triangle are straight lines on the planar triangle, > > >and distances along these arcs are preserved on the planar triangle. It > > >has the disadvantage (big, big :( here!) that it does not seem to be > > >mathematically well-defined. > > >Kevin > > > > I believe the Fuller projection is mathematically well defined. The faces > > of an icosa are subdivided into similar equilateral triangles, which are > > pushed outward along radii from the sphere center to the surface (orthagonal > > projection). The mathematics for doing this, same as for the domes, is > > mathematically expressed and computer-implemented. And yes, more > > work needs to be done to popularize this map and its methods. Kevin Sahr (kevin@geochelone.fst.orst.edu) writes: > > I don't believe your description of the projection method is correct; I > don't think, for instance, that what you're saying (assuming I get your > drift) would preserve distances along the great-circle arcs. I think what > Fuller did was a bit more subtle than that; again I refer you to his "steel- > straps and straws" illustration which appears in many of his books. > > If you have any references or code for doing the Fuller projection I would > be very interested in seeing it. The information I have is from an unpublished > paper by Robert W. Gray of IBM, "Fuller's Dymaxion Map." In it he recounts > how Fuller developed what he called a "three-way great circle grid" to use > as a reference system for manually transcribing points off of a globe onto > a Dymaxion Map, and this is the system which appears in Fuller's 1946 patent > of the Dymaxion Map. However, before his death Fuller realized that when this > grid was projected to the plane the intersections of the arcs did not form > points, but little triangles (_Cosmography_, pg. 236). Gray's version of the > projection suggests taking the average of the location of the vertexes of > these little triangles to use as the projected point location. One of the > things we are exploring is how this averaging affects the properties of the > projection at various scales. > > I do believe that the projection could be implemented "precisely" _to an > arbitrary degree of precision_ by recursively sub-dividing the spherical > triangle until a point of interest lies within the specified precision > of one of the sub-triangle vertices and then using the corresponding vertex > on the sub-divided planar triangle as the position of the planar location > of the point. But I need to spend more time looking for an analytic method > of accelerating this procedure before it would be sufficiently efficient for > our use. > > But, I am more than open to being proved wrong about the mathematical nature > of Fuller's projection! If you have more information I would appreciate > hearing about it. > > Kevin Kevin: Icosahedral projections (non-orthogonal) of the world have been proposed since the early years of the twentieth century. Fuller's projection is orthogonal and optimizes size and shape distortions of the land areas. But most importantly, places the vertices in such a way that when the icosahedral projection is unfolded into a planar map, none of the sinuses cut into any land areas. Therefore, it is the only world projection that minimizes size and shape distortions by distributing in equal proportion any existing pin-cushion distortion to the center of each of the twenty triangular faces. In 1980, Chris Kitrick and Rob Grip, two engineers in Bucky's office developed the first computer generated projection of the Dymaxion Map (the three-way grid was computer generated and then data transfered). The Grip-Kitrick map is available from the Buckminster Fuller Institute in Santa Barbara, CA. The triangular "weaving pattern" of the three-way triangular great circle grid that you mention (on page 236 of Cosmography), reconciles two basic ideas of synergetics: 1) that two lines cannot go through one point at the same time, 2) tensegrity models the reality that nothing in Universe touches anything else. --Kiyoshi Kuromiya kiyoshi@cpp.pha.pa.us Critical Path Project Fuller Information Exchange BBS (215) 463-7160 Philadelphia, PA ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 13 Jul 1994 09:28:56 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kirby Urner Subject: Re: Deriving PI without trig >Well, as far as deriveing PI without trig, how is deriving it without >a circle? :) My old calulus book (Pub. by Heath/Written by Gillett) >has a quote by Lord Kelvin: > >A mathematician is one to whom that >[Referring to the Integral of e^(-x^2)dx taken from 0 to infinity >equals SQR(pi)/2] >is as obvious as that twice two makes four is to you. >-- >Richard Hendricks, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS >Computer Engineering, KSU Consultant >hendric@ksu.ksu.edu > > Yes, the unit circle approach has fallen out of favor in later mathematics. Then there's Eulers: e^(i(pi))=-1 where i=SQRT(-1) ------------------------------------------------ Kirby T. Urner pdx4d@teleport.com 4D Solutions (teleport.com is a public access node) Portland, Oregon ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 13 Jul 1994 18:14:00 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kevin Sahr Organization: Forest Sciences Laboratory Subject: Re: The Icosahedral Projection (& ancient cartography) In article Kiyoshi Kuromiya writes: > ...background trimmed... > > In 1980, Chris Kitrick and Rob Grip, two engineers in Bucky's office >developed the first computer generated projection of the Dymaxion Map (the >three-way grid was computer generated and then data transfered). The >Grip-Kitrick map is available from the Buckminster Fuller Institute in >Santa Barbara, CA. > The triangular "weaving pattern" of the three-way triangular great circle >grid that you mention (on page 236 of Cosmography), reconciles two basic >ideas of synergetics: 1) that two lines cannot go through one point at the >same time, 2) tensegrity models the reality that nothing in Universe >touches anything else. I just noted in the references to my source (Robert W. Gray's paper) that the algorithm he describes is "outlined in the notes and letters of Chris Kitrick which are on file at the BFI." So I guess that is the algorithm I have. Now I just need to determine to what degree the averaging which is involved affects the properties of the projection, and if significant whether a different approach would better preserve these properties. But I suppose my search for an existing algorithm is at an end... > >--Kiyoshi Kuromiya > kiyoshi@cpp.pha.pa.us > Critical Path Project > Fuller Information Exchange BBS > (215) 463-7160 > Philadelphia, PA Kevin --- //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // // Kevin Sahr Forestry Sciences Laboratory // // Research Associate/Programmer 3200 SW Jefferson Way // // Department of GeoSciences Corvallis, OR 97331 // // Oregon State University // // voice: (503) 750-7492 // // kevin@geochelone.fsl.orst.edu fax: (503) 750-7329 // // // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 13 Jul 1994 12:09:31 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kirby Urner Subject: Re: Tensegrity Chris -- Got the Tensegrity picture "loud and clear." Posting this to the list to encourage others to decode your JPEG file. At first I had Windows at 16 colors which didn't do your picture justice. I switch to 64K colors -- wow, nice greens. Would 256 colors have been sufficient? Nicely sized. Fills my screen nicely. Thanks. ------------------------------------------------ Kirby T. Urner pdx4d@teleport.com 4D Solutions (teleport.com is a public access node) Portland, Oregon ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 13 Jul 1994 16:56:59 -0400 Reply-To: ab919@leo.nmc.edu Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Ted A. Hunt" Subject: Re: Tensegrity Chris: Great job on the JPEG of your tensegrity image. Just a note for Mac users: the new freeware application "UUWrench 1.21" pulls the JPEG information right out of the e-mail and prepares the file for immediate view with JPEGView 3.3 or whatever. Chris, can we ask for more? ;) -- Ted A. Hunt Perry, Michigan USA ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 13 Jul 1994 16:02:09 -0500 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: mwitten@CHPC.UTEXAS.EDU Subject: numerous bounced messages imminent Please .... no flames .... I am about to move from my current site. Despite numerous attempts (and yes I have done everything you can think of) to sign/sighn off this list, I cannot do so. This means that you will all soon be receiving a barrage of bounced messages. If any of you knows the list owner, please tell me the email/phone/postal mail address or the list is doomed to endless bounced messages. matthew witten associate director ut system chpc -- _____________________________________________________________________ Matthew Witten UT System Center For High Performance Computing Balcones Research Center, 1.154 CMS 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, TX 78758-4497 USA Phone: (512) 471-2472 FAX: (512) 471-2445 E-MAIL MWITTEN@CHPC.UTEXAS.EDU _____________________________________________________________________ ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 13 Jul 1994 17:55:15 -0600 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kurt Bendl Subject: Re: numerous bounced messages imminent Matt, Try sending an E-mail to postmaster@UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu Maybe that'll get thru to someone. Also: If you've changed your machine name or return address sine you first signed-on, you must first change it back, then signoff the list. LISTSERVs pull your sub E-mail info from the E-mail header. If you kept an archive of your original messages, your old ID should be in there. If you don't have an archive, try sending the "REVIEW" command. It returns the e-mail address and name of all the list subscribers. Then, you can find your old address (or the address that UBVM thinks you are) in that list. Gluck! Kurt Bendl, Editor-in-Chief, Inside the Internet kurt@kassad.cobb.ziff.com (502) 493-3300 (800) 223-8720 ____________________________________________________________________ >Please .... no flames .... > >I am about to move from my current site. Despite numerous >attempts (and yes I have done everything you can think of) >to sign/sighn off this list, I cannot do so. This means >that you will all soon be receiving a barrage of bounced >messages. If any of you knows the list owner, please tell >me the email/phone/postal mail address or the list is >doomed to endless bounced messages. > >matthew witten >associate director >ut system chpc > >-- > >_____________________________________________________________________ > >Matthew Witten >UT System Center For High Performance Computing >Balcones Research Center, 1.154 CMS >10100 Burnet Road, Austin, TX 78758-4497 USA > >Phone: (512) 471-2472 FAX: (512) 471-2445 > >E-MAIL MWITTEN@CHPC.UTEXAS.EDU >_____________________________________________________________________ > ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 13 Jul 1994 21:57:06 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Hawku Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364) Subject: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II In article <199407111314.GAA09470@whistler.sfu.ca>, Lee Wood writes: >I ran across it (and a few other Fuller titles) last week in a >used bookstore in Vancouver, Canada. Perhaps they'd be willing to >mail it to you... in exchange for you VISA number, ov course. ;) >Ashley's Books >3754 W 10th Ave >Vancouver, BC >Canada Lee, thanks very much. I called Ashley's Books yesterday and bought it for $20 (Can.) Thanks also to others who responded to my query. I also called BFI in Santa Barbara and learned they have no copies of Synergetics II, but plan to offer a xeroxed version sometime in the next 6 months. Richard Hawkins ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 13 Jul 1994 23:21:23 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kirby Urner Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II >In article <199407111314.GAA09470@whistler.sfu.ca>, Lee Wood > writes: > >>I ran across it (and a few other Fuller titles) last week in a >>used bookstore in Vancouver, Canada. Perhaps they'd be willing to >>mail it to you... in exchange for you VISA number, ov course. ;) > >>Ashley's Books >>3754 W 10th Ave >>Vancouver, BC >>Canada > >Lee, thanks very much. I called Ashley's Books yesterday and bought it for >$20 (Can.) Thanks also to others who responded to my query. I also called >BFI in Santa Barbara and learned they have no copies of Synergetics II, >but plan to offer a xeroxed version sometime in the next 6 months. > >Richard Hawkins > > That's pretty sad about BFI not having Synergetics II. Seems like Bucky is fading fast from a peak level of interest. Fullerene doesn't count directly. Some strong science fiction with Fuller-style artifacts would help turn the situation around over night. Without some industrial magic and light, pop culture is too distracted to tune in something as heavy as synergetics. And yet the unit volume tetrahedron would make for some dynamite scenarios on Sesame Street. ------------------------------------------------ Kirby T. Urner pdx4d@teleport.com 4D Solutions (teleport.com is a public access node) Portland, Oregon ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 14 Jul 1994 08:53:33 PST Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Mark A. Burginger" Organization: ElectriCiti, San Diego, CA, USA Subject: Letters from Bucky Hello Everyone, As a new subscriber to the List for the discussions of Buckminister Fuller's works, Iam very delighted to see the high level of discussions. Recently there has been a discussion of the lack of archiving for Fuller's work. > That's pretty sad about BFI not having Synergetics II. Seems like > Bucky is fading fast from a peak level of interest. > Kirby Urner I have some letters from Buckminister Fuller in my personal archive. Please tell me, would there be a better place to archive such materials. I hear there is a Buckminister Fuller Institute in Santa Barbara. I grew up in Santa Maria, 50 min. north, never heard of it before this Listserv. Is it new? The following letters are, at least to me, inspiring. - Mark Burginger - ______________________________________________________ R. BUCKMINISTER FULLER * 3501 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104 * USA * (215) 387-5400 * CABLE: "BUCKY" * University Professor Emeritus Southern Illinois University University of Pennsylvania * World Fellow in Residence University City Science Center February 11, 1980 Dear Mark Burginger: I think very well of your drawings of the prismatic polyhedral system and other systems. You are an excellent geometrical illustrator and you're clearly doing your own thinking regarding the nature of structure. I went a long time before anyone looked at my work. I'm particularly interested in your photon package drawing as inspired by SYNERGETICS. Your complete system should not be up-and-down but in-and-out. Your interlocking of shell groups, represents good thinking and good drawing. I wish you well. Faithfully, Signed: Buckminister Fuller Buckminister Fuller Mr. Mark Burginger 2288 Lucretia Ave. #3 San Jose, CA 95122 BF/kk * Architectural Societies Royal Institute of British Architects, Honorary Fellow Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, Honorary Fellow American Architectural Institute of Architects, Fellow Mexican College and Institute of Architects, Member Society of Venezuelan Architects, Honorary Member Israel Institute of Engineers and Architects, Honorary Member Zentralvereiningug Der Architekten Asterreichs (Austria), Honorary Member Association of Siamese Architects Under Royal Patronage, Honorary Member ______________________________________________________ Letter #2 ______________________________________________________ R. BUCKMINISTER FULLER * 3501 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104 * USA * (215) 387-5400 * CABLE: "BUCKY" * University Professor Emeritus Southern Illinois University University of Pennsylvania * World Fellow in Residence University City Science Center June 25, 1981 Dear Mark Burginger: Far from taking offense at the beautiful drawing that you sent ne in which you did incorporate ideas of my own, it is so well done I'm having your framed copy mounted in my office. Congratulations on your drawings for your stainless steel sculpture to be installed in the Lompoc City Hall. Faithfully, Signed: Buckminister Fuller Buckminister Fuller Mr. Mark Burginger 1341 Branham Lane San Jose, CA 95118 jb * Architectural Societies Royal Institute of British Architects, Honorary Fellow Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, Honorary Fellow American Architectural Institute of Architects, Fellow Mexican College and Institute of Architects, Member Society of Venezuelan Architects, Honorary Member Israel Institute of Engineers and Architects, Honorary Member Zentralvereiningug Der Architekten Asterreichs (Austria), Honorary Member Association of Siamese Architects Under Royal Patronage, Honorary Member _____________________________________________________ Letter #3 ______________________________________________________ R. BUCKMINISTER FULLER * 3501 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104 * USA * (215) 387-5400 * CABLE: "BUCKY" * University Professor Emeritus Southern Illinois University University of Pennsylvania * World Fellow in Residence University City Science Center February 11, 1980 Dear Mark, What a beautiful picture of lightning. Thank you so much. Faithfully, Signed: Bucky Buckminister Fuller Mr. Mark Burginger 1341 Branham Lane San Jose, CA 95118 BF/aem * Architectural Societies Royal Institute of British Architects, Honorary Fellow Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, Honorary Fellow American Architectural Institute of Architects, Fellow Mexican College and Institute of Architects, Member Society of Venezuelan Architects, Honorary Member Israel Institute of Engineers and Architects, Honorary Member Zentralvereiningug Der Architekten Asterreichs (Austria), Honorary Member Association of Siamese Architects Under Royal Patronage, Honorary Member _______________________________________________________ Letter #4 _______________________________________________________ R. BUCKMINISTER FULLER * 3501 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104 * USA * (215) 387-5400 * CABLE: "BUCKY" * University Professor Emeritus Southern Illinois University University of Pennsylvania * World Fellow in Residence University City Science Center November 14, 1981 Dear Mark Burginger, Thank you for yours of October 27, and its photographs of the truncated icosahedron with modular form attachments. It may be a good idea; it may accelerate development of the mass production units. Warmly, Faithfully, Signed: Buckminister Fuller Buckminister Fuller Mr. Mark Burginger 1341 Branham Lane San Jose, CA 95118 BF/aem * Architectural Societies Royal Institute of British Architects, Honorary Fellow Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, Honorary Fellow American Architectural Institute of Architects, Fellow Mexican College and Institute of Architects, Member Society of Venezuelan Architects, Honorary Member Israel Institute of Engineers and Architects, Honorary Member Zentralvereiningug Der Architekten Asterreichs (Austria), Honorary Member Association of Siamese Architects Under Royal Patronage, Honorary Member ________________________________________________________ Mark Burginger MBurginger@electriciti.com - A local node of the Internet - San Diego, CA ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 14 Jul 1994 21:13:42 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: Developing an operational pi Steve Mather writes... >What you're speaking about with height is also called >distance. Distance is never wholly "rational" not >only because it's dynamic, but also because it doesn't >move in whole number incremants. It moves in fluidly >from one place to another and back, etc.. I can agree for pra Particles with mass (electrons, protons) and other massive objects are essentially knotted energy quanta. Movement by such objects can be theoretically related to their energy content, which is quantized. Therefore the distances traversed can be related to a rational number. The same line of reasoning may be possible with photons and like particles (...if quarks can be related to gravity?). Maybe I'm just seeing things, but I believe this was the direction Fuller was taking in the quanta-module meansuration system. After reading Feynman on QED and Einstein on Relativity, I think I have a better appreciation for the idea. Still, quantum theory may not be able or may disallow treatment of photons in this way. And when considering massive objects, the statistical effects wrought about by illions upon illions of knotted quanta make tractability of this kind of reasoning a sick joke. pi is a much better theoretical base for such studies, even if there happen to be special case instances where rational approximations apply. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano Uh wugga wuh. Uh wugga wuh. amiano@delphi.com Uh wugga wugga wugga. I wugga wuh uh wugga wuh Uh wugga wugga wugga. - Richard P. Feynman ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 14 Jul 1994 21:23:12 -0500 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Jeff Weiner Organization: Fido: I CAN! BBS * (ican.com) * 312-736-7388 Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II KU> From: Kirby Urner KU> That's pretty sad about BFI not having Synergetics II. Seems like KU> Bucky is fading fast from a peak level of interest. Fullerene KU> doesn't count directly. Some strong science fiction with Fuller-style KU> artifacts would help turn the situation around over night. Without KU> some industrial magic and light, pop culture is too distracted to KU> tune in something as heavy as synergetics. And yet the unit volume KU> tetrahedron would make for some dynamite scenarios on Sesame Street. How `bout a sci-fi sitcom where the hero has his own Dymaxion vehicle? Jeff Weiner jeff@ican.com ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 15 Jul 1994 07:47:02 -0600 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Michael D. Beatty" Subject: Re: Help with unsubscribing In-Reply-To: <9407151319.AA04206@cns.cscns.com> from "Jeff Weiner" at Jul 14, 94 09:23:12 pm Could someone on this list please assist me in how to unsubscribe???Please? -- Michael D. Beatty 1-719-634-0378 Fax:1-719-634-5806 Mavihoja@cscns.com ************************************ ************************************ *******Stewart, Michaels, & Frank ******An International **** Telecommunications ** Boutique... Possibly just another electronic global traveler. ___________________________________________________________________________ "Whatever you sincerely believe, ardently desire, and enthusiastically act upon, MUST surely come to pass." Paul Meyer --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 15 Jul 1994 11:33:52 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: numerous bounced messages imminent Mathew writes > > Please .... no flames .... > > I am about to move from my current site. Despite numerous > attempts (and yes I have done everything you can think of) > to sign/sighn off this list, I cannot do so. This means > that you will all soon be receiving a barrage of bounced > messages. If any of you knows the list owner, please tell > me the email/phone/postal mail address or the list is > doomed to endless bounced messages. > > matthew witten > associate director > ut system chpc > > -- > > _____________________________________________________________________ > > Matthew Witten > UT System Center For High Performance Computing > Balcones Research Center, 1.154 CMS > 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, TX 78758-4497 USA > > Phone: (512) 471-2472 FAX: (512) 471-2445 > > E-MAIL MWITTEN@CHPC.UTEXAS.EDU > _____________________________________________________________________ > good question. Do we have a list owner anymore? ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 15 Jul 1994 20:35:04 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II >That's pretty sad about BFI not having Synergetics II. Seems like On the other hand, it's pretty good news to hear that they will possibly be offering a photo-copied version in the very near future. It means that the (Simon & Schuster?) publishing agreement is about to run out, and that BFI is willing to do what has to be done in order to get RBF's titles out. >Bucky is fading fast from a peak level of interest. Fullerene >doesn't count directly. Some strong science fiction with Fuller-style Substantive findings like the Buckminsterfullerene family are the most important advocate Synergetics can have. Sure, the informative effect is only incremental, but it has staying power. And whenever some smart kids learn about Fullerenes, at least a few will be asking "why are they named that way?" >artifacts would help turn the situation around over night. Without >some industrial magic and light, pop culture is too distracted to >tune in something as heavy as synergetics. And yet the unit volume >tetrahedron would make for some dynamite scenarios on Sesame Street. That may be a well-intentioned ideal but might do little more than make a prosaism out of a few superficial forms. For Synergetics to be successful, it must grow beyond itself - and beyond the image of Bucky. When society and Synergetics are ready, they will come together. It's always interesting to see things we study shown to a large audience, but it can also be hellacious when writers/producers/salespeople get it wrong and perpetuate a new myth. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 15 Jul 1994 20:49:45 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Michael Sklaroff Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II In-Reply-To: <199407160036.AA24341@mailhub.cc.columbia.edu> Interesting points about the promotion of Fuller's ideas to the non-cognoscenti. Didn't Bucky say something to the effect of never showing his work unless requested to? It seems best to keep places like this going for those who are interested, and to make sure that when people or organizations use Fuller's ideas without attribution (Disney's Epcot structure, for example) somebody lets them know about it. Michael Sklaroff ms401@columbia.edu ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 15 Jul 1994 21:56:41 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kirby Urner Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II > KU> From: Kirby Urner > > KU> That's pretty sad about BFI not having Synergetics II. Seems like > KU> Bucky is fading fast from a peak level of interest. Fullerene > KU> doesn't count directly. Some strong science fiction with Fuller-style > KU> artifacts would help turn the situation around over night. Without > KU> some industrial magic and light, pop culture is too distracted to > KU> tune in something as heavy as synergetics. And yet the unit volume > KU> tetrahedron would make for some dynamite scenarios on Sesame Street. > >How `bout a sci-fi sitcom where the hero has his own Dymaxion vehicle? > >Jeff Weiner >jeff@ican.com > T'wood be nice, except all medium vehicles or whatever (Fuller was prototyping a thing that could drive, fly and be a boat I think) are old hat in sci fi and wouldn't necessarily come across as trademark Bucky. What I'm looking for is a symbol set, a bunch of recognizable symbols (e.g. Dymaxion Map, geodesic spheres, synergetics scenarios with lots of tetrahedra) which hook in to the design science revolution rather directly. But some use of the Dymaxion car would no doubt fit in with this. ------------------------------------------------ Kirby T. Urner pdx4d@teleport.com 4D Solutions (teleport.com is a public access node) Portland, Oregon ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 15 Jul 1994 22:00:54 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kirby Urner Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II > >For Synergetics to be successful, it must grow beyond itself - and beyond >the image of Bucky. When society and Synergetics are ready, they will come >together. It's always interesting to see things we study shown to a large >audience, but it can also be hellacious when writers/producers/salespeople >get it wrong and perpetuate a new myth. > >----------------------------------------------------------------- >Mitch C. Amiano And how will this happen? Synergetics seems more to be collecting dust on the shelf. The unit volume tetrahedron dividing evenly into the other basic polyhedra seems like such a basic concept to me, at the 'duh' level. If society doesn't even raise an eyebrow to that idea, then we can certainly forget about the rest of it. ------------------------------------------------ Kirby T. Urner pdx4d@teleport.com 4D Solutions (teleport.com is a public access node) Portland, Oregon ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 16 Jul 1994 13:41:37 -0500 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Adam Weiss Subject: query Does anyone have a phone number, fax number, or email adress for Cooper Union in New York City. If you do, please send it to me, ajweiss@colby.edu (Adam Weiss). Thanx, Adam ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 16 Jul 1994 23:16:59 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: A Much Improved 6-Strut Tensegrity JPEG + Source Greetings, Perhaps you all noticed two "funny" strings in my last JPEG image (tenseg-6.jpg). Well, it was an error. I have tried numerous further experiments and offer this much improved tenseg-7.jpg image (included after the POV-Ray source). I think it is artistically more interesting as well as technically more accurate. Also I have included the POV-Ray source file for those of you who want to make futher experiments (POV-Ray is available for MAC, Amiga and DOS/Windows as well as Unix - the POV-Ray FAQ by Andy Wardley cites two official distribution sites: alfred.ccs.carleton.ca [134.117.1.1] and uniwa.uwa.edu.au [130.95.128.1]). Do Enjoy! Christopher J. Fearnley cfearnl@pacs.pha.pa.us cfearnl@cpp.pha.pa.us fearnlcj@duvm.ocs.drexel.edu fearnlcj@duvm.bitnet ===================== tenseg-7.pov - cut here =================== // 6 Strut tensegrity rendered - I hope to eventually animate it. // I used "povray -i tenseg-7.pov -o tenseg-7.tga +w640 +h480 +a" // For the final rendering. It took 25 minutes on my 486-33 Linux box. // Acknowledgements to John Kirk for sharing his research, // suggesting I get into ray-tracing, and making comments about the // POV-Ray source and output. #include "colors.inc" #include "textures.inc" #declare Cam_factor = 3 #declare Camera_X = -1 * Cam_factor #declare Camera_Y = 0.2 * Cam_factor #declare Camera_Z = -0.5 * Cam_factor camera { location up <0, 2.1, 0> right <2.1, 0, 0> direction <0, 0, 3> look_at <0, 0, 0> } light_source { color Yellow } light_source { color White } light_source { color White } // White Wall Background plane { x, 5 pigment { White } finish {ambient 0.1 diffuse 0.9} } // White Wall -Z (right of viewer and camera) plane { <0, 0, -1>,10 pigment { White } finish {ambient 0.15 diffuse 0.8} } #declare pointO = < 0, 1/2, 1 > #declare pointQ = < 0, 1/2, -1 > #declare pointC = < -1, 0, 1/2 > #declare pointD = < 1, 0, 1/2 > #declare pointA = < 1/2, 1, 0 > #declare pointB = < -1/2, 1, 0 > #declare pointE = < 0, -1/2, 1 > #declare pointF = < -1, 0, -1/2 > #declare pointG = < 1/2, -1, 0 > #declare pointH = < -1/2, -1, 0 > #declare pointI = < 0, -1/2, -1 > #declare pointJ = < 1, 0, -1/2 > cylinder { pointO, pointQ, 0.05 pigment {Gray35} no_shadow } // Strut OQ cylinder { pointE, pointI, 0.05 pigment {Gray35} no_shadow } // Strut EI cylinder { pointC, pointD, 0.05 pigment {Gray35} no_shadow } // Strut CD cylinder { pointJ, pointF, 0.05 pigment {Gray35} no_shadow } // Strut FJ cylinder { pointA, pointG, 0.05 pigment {Gray35} no_shadow } // Strut AG cylinder { pointB, pointH, 0.05 pigment {Gray35} no_shadow } // Strut BH cylinder { pointO, pointC, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String OC cylinder { pointO, pointD, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String OD cylinder { pointE, pointC, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String CE cylinder { pointE, pointD, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String ED cylinder { pointQ, pointJ, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String QJ cylinder { pointQ, pointF, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String QF cylinder { pointI, pointJ, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String IJ cylinder { pointI, pointF, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String IF cylinder { pointQ, pointA, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String AQ cylinder { pointA, pointO, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String AO cylinder { pointD, pointA, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String AD cylinder { pointD, pointG, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String DG cylinder { pointJ, pointA, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String AJ cylinder { pointJ, pointG, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String JG cylinder { pointE, pointG, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String EG cylinder { pointI, pointG, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String IG cylinder { pointB, pointO, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String BO cylinder { pointB, pointQ, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String BQ cylinder { pointB, pointF, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String BF cylinder { pointB, pointC, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String BC cylinder { pointH, pointI, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String HI cylinder { pointE, pointH, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String EH cylinder { pointH, pointF, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String HF cylinder { pointH, pointC, 0.005 pigment { Black } no_shadow } // String HC ===================== tenseg-7.pov - cut here =================== tenseg-7.jpg (640x480 JPEG image) Checksums: (from GNU sum: sum -r tenseg-7.uu; sum --sysv tenseg-7.uu) 39238 52 21557 103 tenseg-7.uu BEGIN-----Cut Here begin 644 tenseg-7.jpg M_]C_X``02D9)1@`!`0```0`!``#_VP!#``@&!@<&!0@'!P<)"0@*#!0-#`L+ M#!D2$P\4'1H?'AT:'!P@)"XG("(L(QP<*#7J#A(6&AXB)BI*3E)66EYB9FJ*CI*6FIZBIJK*SM+6VM[BYNL+#Q,7& MQ\C)RM+3U-76U]C9VN'BX^3EYN?HZ>KQ\O/T]?;W^/GZ_\0`'P$``P$!`0$! 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I have downloaded Chris Fearnley's Way Cool JPEG Tensegrity and will try to use what I have learned in reverse to upload a frame of this model (13K). 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Me`aqqqp`tttt`eeee`aqqqp`tttt`eeee`aqqqp`tttt`eeee`aqqqp`tttt C`eeee`aqqqp`tttt`eeee`aqqqp`tttt`eeee`aqqqpa_]D ` end begin 0700 .rsrc ` end begin 0700 .finfo prEaeqTEJyW`a`````p```` ` end ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 17 Jul 1994 14:56:23 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II Bucky makes mention - and I think I recall Kiyoshi recalling this too in a note in "Cosmography" - that everything in Nature has gestation periods. Using history as a guide, I guess that it won't be for another decade or so before Fuller's works are recognized by most of the public; and when he is recognized as a contributor, it will be because of some (probably peripheral) developments he didn't directly have a hand in. IMHO, of course. But on a more directly constructive note, I would suggest that if I wanted to facilitate the dissemination of subtle and often neglected geometric truths, I would choose to pursue a systematic toy for a wide age group, and try to make it interesting in it's own right. A kind of Synergetic Lego or Tensegritic Tinker-Toy. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 17 Jul 1994 14:56:32 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II I didn't mention this in my last post, but I disagree with Kirby in writing that: > And how will this happen? Synergetics seems more to be collecting > dust on the shelf. The unit volume tetrahedron dividing evenly... Synergetics II certainly can't be collecting dust on the shelf ;-) We all seem to have a hard enough time _finding_ a copy, let alone leave it on a shelf! (Everyone: Let out an enouraging roar for the folks at BFI!) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 17 Jul 1994 18:09:02 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Hawku Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364) Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II In article <01HETF3JSIY09AT8X2@delphi.com>, "" writes: >But on a more directly constructive note, I would suggest that if I >wanted >to facilitate the dissemination of subtle and often neglected geometric >truths, I would choose to pursue a systematic toy for a wide age group, >and try to make it interesting in it's own right. A kind of Synergetic Lego >or Tensegritic Tinker-Toy. Mitch, I think this is an excellent idea. How about a transparent close-packed sphere toy showing the 8 tetrahedron and 6 half-octahedron of the Vector Equilibrium imbedded within in different transparent colors? It would make a nice paperweight/object d'art and stimulate synergetic thinking. A companion piece could be a similar close-packed sphere octahedron for building the IVM. Richard Hawkins ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 17 Jul 1994 19:08:04 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Hawku Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364) Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II In article <01HETF3JSIY09AT8X2@delphi.com>, "" writes: >But on a more directly constructive note, I would suggest that if I >wanted >to facilitate the dissemination of subtle and often neglected geometric >truths, I would choose to pursue a systematic toy for a wide age group, >and try to make it interesting in it's own right. A kind of Synergetic Lego >or Tensegritic Tinker-Toy. Here is another idea. How about a 2D puzzle with with octa & tetra (or 3D octa & VE) shaped pieces which form an image of geodesic dome or some other Fuller-based image? Richard Hawkins ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 18 Jul 1994 03:31:05 GMT Reply-To: Suzanne_R._Lainson@onenet-bbs.org Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Suzanne R. Lainson" Organization: OneNet Boulder BBS, Boulder Colorado Subject: Fwd: FAQs Can someone send me the FAQ files that were posted several weeks ago, or do I have to go back to the archives? If so, does someone have the listserve address and instructions handy? Suzanne Lainson Suzanne_Lainson@onenet-bbs.org ------- Sent from the OneNet Boulder BBS (303) 444-7569 Graphical interface available for Macintosh & MS Windows users. OneNet member Network Regional Hub. Providing access to Information, Tools & Community ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 18 Jul 1994 02:51:13 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Wei Chen Organization: Computer Science Department, Stanford University. Subject: Online newsletter about Geodesy? Can somebody tell me if there are any online newsletter about Geodesy? A friend of mine wants to know what's happening in Geodesy in USA through online info. Thx -- Wei Chen Dept of Computer Science Stanford University ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 17 Jul 1994 23:40:22 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Hawku@AOL.COM Subject: JPEG Geodesic sphere The JPEG image that follows in the next post (17K) was modeled and renderered in VIDI Presenter Pro V.1.5 using cylindrical primitives. Scaling as follows makes the modeling job easier: Create an eqilateral spline triangle with sides = 3 units in the top window with upmost vertex at XYZ(0,0,0). This is the (icosahedral) template for the hexagonal faces. Place a cylindrical primitive (strut) with its length oriented to the X axis, of dimensions XYZ(1,.0625,.0625), centered on the bottom side of the spline triangle Locating the pivot point for this strut at XYZ(0,0,-1.727). Duplicate and rotate this strut 60 degrees 5 times in the top window to form a hexagonal face. This next step is guesswork on my part (maybe someone can enlighten me on this). Place another strut at the rightmost vertex of the hexagonal face of dimensions XYZ (1.05(?), .0625,.0625) and set pivot point at XYZ(1,0,0) then rotate 10(?) degrees in the front window(z-axis). This will put the left end of this strut at the center of the hexagonal face and approx.at the surface of a circumscribing sphere. Reset the pivot point for this strut to XYZ(0,0,-1.727) then duplicate and rotate 60 degrees 5 times more, triangulating the hexagonal face. Group the hexagonal face, subdividing struts, and spline triangle. Set the pivot point for this group at XYZ (0,0,0) and, in the right window, rotate the group -37.5 degrees (counterclockwise on the x-axis). Duplicate and rotate this group 72 degrees 4 times in the top window. You now have five hexagonal faces centered around and forming a pentagonal face which should be triangulated by placing another (slightly shorter)(?) strut oriented to the z axis at the upmost vertex of the pentagonal face, set the pivot point at this upmost vertex and rotate 10(?) degrees in the right window (x-axis). Reset pivot point to (0,0,0) then copy and rotate 72 degrees 4 times to form the 5 spokes of the pentagonal face. Group the first three hexagonal face groups and the pentagonal spokes. Copy this grouping and rotate the copied grouping 180 degrees. Move this copied grouping -4.1 in the Z dimension.Reset the pivot point for this copied group at XYZ (0,0,-2.05) where the copied grouping and the rest of the model intersect and rotate -116.9 degrees in the right window (x-axis). Reset the pivot point for the copied grouping to XYZ (0,0,0). Duplicate and rotate the copied grouping 72 degrees 4 times in the top window(z-axis). Now group the whole model, blow up the front window and center it on the y(up) axis (it is already centered on the x &z axes). Rotate the model 180 degrees in the top window (z-axis). Duplicate the pent spokes at the top of the model, set the pivot point to XYZ (0,0,0) and rotate this copy 180 degrees in the right window (x-axis). Clone the pent spokes at the top again and rotate 180 degrees in the top window (z-axis). Now rotate this clone -63.5 degrees in the right window (x-axis). Lastly, duplicate this clone and rotate 72 degrees 4 times in the top window (z-axis). Notice that the triangular spline templates have formed the icosahedron. Please forgive the redundancy if this has already been covered by this Newsgroup. Richard Hawkins ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 18 Jul 1994 00:01:51 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ (Part 1 of 5) The R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ Christopher J. Fearnley, cfearnl@cpp.pha.pa.us v.1.0, 12 July 1994 This is the Frequently Asked Questions and Answers (FAQ) Resource on R. Buckminster Fuller. It is based primarily on the history of the discussions, interests, and needs of the readers of the BITNET list GEODESIC and it's USENET gateway bit.listserv.geodesic. So some of the information could be in error (especially addresses and phone numbers). The FAQ is maintained by Chris Fearnley (fearnlcj@drexel.ocs.drexel.edu). Please send all errors and suggestions to me. The FAQ is released (generally with modifications) on the 12th of each month (to celebrate Bucky's monthly birth anniver- sary -- He was born 12 July 1895). Some citations are in brackets before the text, others follow it. Most material is directly quoted from the logs (with minor editing to correct typos, a bit of stream- lining, etc,.). SO BEWARE OF OUTDATED INFORMATION. Please follow-up with discussion and questions to bit.listserv.geodesic or to the mail- ing list geodesic@ubvm (see section ``List GEODESIC'' for subscription details). Table of Contents 1. Introductory 2. Synergetics 2.1. What is ``synergy?'' 2.2. What is Fuller's definition of ``Universe?'' 2.3. What is the ``Isotropic Vector Matrix'' (IVM)? 2.3.1. I wondered if hexagonal closest packing forms an IVM? Also, is a diamond cubic structure the same as an IVM? [Steve Mather] 2.4. What is the ``vector equilibrium'' (VE)? 2.5. What is the jitterbug? 2.6. What is Fuller's concept of ``space?'' 2.7. What is a ``system?'' 2.8. What is the ``minimal system?'' 2.9. What is the ``omnidirectional halo?'' 2.10. Does synergetics provide an extension or modification of the ``scientific method?'' 2.11. Are there connections between synergetics and fullerenes (besides the name, of course)? 2.12. Why use synergetics' conversion factors and other irra- tionals? 2.13. What is ``precession?'' 2.14. What is the equation for finding the volume of a pyra- mid? [Steve Mather] 3. Fuller's Ideas about Human Society: Critical Path 3.1. What is the Design Science Revolution? 3.1.1. When will the Design Science Revolution begin? 3.2. What is the ``cosmic accounting system?'' --- Fuller's Economics. 3.3. What is the World Game? 3.3.1. What is the World Game Institute? 3.3.2. What are the World Game Institutes ``games'' like? 3.3.3. What is Global Data Manager (GDM)? 3.3.4. Does the World Game offer any solutions to the World Hunger Problem? 3.4. What were Fuller's views on religion and God? 3.4.1. How did Bucky's ``Ever Rethinking the Lord's Prayer'' go? 3.5. What is the Global Energy Grid idea? 3.6. What is a ``trimtab?'' 3.7. Was Bucky a socialist? 3.8. What were Fuller's views on Education? 3.9. What is the difference between ``Class I'' and ``Class II'' evolution? 3.10. How to house humanity? And other reflections on Making the World work. 4. Geodesic Domes and other Inventions 4.1. What is a geodesic dome? 4.1.1. Do domes really weigh less then their component materi- als? 4.1.2. What are some features of underground, concrete domes? 4.1.3. What are geotangent domes? 4.1.4. What are the advangates (and disadvantages) of Dome Life? 4.1.5. How to use solar panels in domes? [Kerri Brochard] 4.1.6. Dome References [Oldest material first] 4.2. Dome Math: What you've all been waiting for!!! 4.2.1. Dome Theory 4.2.2. What are the basics of Spherical Trigonometry? 4.2.3. How to tesselate a sphere? 4.2.4. Chord Factors - the nitty gritty. 4.3. What is a tensegrity model? 4.3.1. How to Build Tensegrities? 4.3.2. Who was Kenneth Snelson and what was his role in the invention of tensegrities? 4.4. What are ``cloud nines?'' 4.5. What is ``dymaxion?'' 4.6. What was the ``Dymaxion Car?'' 4.7. What is a ``fog gun?'' 4.8. What was Fuller's ``floating city?'' 4.9. What was the Old Man's River 4.10. What was the Dymaxion Deployment Unit? 4.11. What is the Dymaxion Map? 4.11.1. Details about the Dymaxion Map. 4.12. What was the Dymaxion House? 5. Miscellany 5.1. What are ``fullerenes'' and ``buckyballs?'' 5.1.1. What are some of the properties of the fullerenes? 5.1.2. What are ``buckytubes?'' 5.1.3. What are ``endohedral fullerenes?'' 5.2. What is Biosphere II? 5.3. Was Fuller formally educated? 5.4. Will there be a 1995 commemorative stamp marking Bucky's 100th birthday? 5.5. Bibliography: Culled from many postings 5.6. Organizations and Corporations mentioned on GEODESIC (incomplete and dated) [Mostly dome-type manufacturers.] 5.7. Computer tools (may or may not be useful to dome design or synergetics' modelling). 5.8. Fuller's ``failures.'' 5.9. Where would you encourage your best friend to start in the Fuller literature? (For maximum ease of mastery) [Jeff Perth] 5.10. Quotes and Coinages. 5.11. Bucky: humanitarian or cold-hearted technocrat --- The value of a man? 5.12. What was the nature of Fuller's involvement with Werner Erhardt, EST and the World Hunger Project? [Lance Fletcher] 5.13. What were relations like between Fuller and his Stu- dents? 5.14. What is GENESIS II? 5.15. Could Fuller's proposed Very Large Structures work? 6. Net Resources 6.1. Buckminsterfullerenes Update Service and Fullerene Bibli- ography 6.2. List GEODESIC: GEODESIC@UBVM.BITNET 6.3. FIX (Fuller Information eXchange) BBS 6.4. WWW (World Wide Web) sources 1. Introductory Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) is the renowned inventor of the geodesic dome, the world game, and a new system of mathematics called synergetics. He was a polymath whose writings and lectures touched upon every aspect of the human condition. He was a ``new-former'' pointing out, exploring and prototyping designs in numerous, previously uncharted areas of science and humanity. His greatest writings were ``Critical Path,'' ``Synergetics'' (2 volumes), and posthumously ``Cosmography.'' Since his death a recently discovered allotrope of carbon, the fullerenes, have been named in his honor. 2. Synergetics In its broadest sense synergetics is the hypothesized coordinate system of the Universe -- both its physical and metaphysical aspects. Fuller developed a system of epistemography and mathematical-physics (simply called ``synergetics'') which attempts to disclose how Nature actually operates -- using ``operational mathematics.'' Fuller claimed that synergetics can be understood by children (though they probably couldn't read his main books on the subject :). He published this material in his essay ``Omni-directional Halo'' (in the book ``No More Secondhand God''), ``Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking,'' ``Synergetics 2: Further Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking,'' and ``Cosmography.'' ``Cosmography'' is probably the easiest to read for people unfamiliar with Fuller's prose style. From my own study of synergetics, I'm convinced that Bucky did in fact identify the coordinate system used by Nature. But I would add the caveat that he didn't get too far along in developing it. Fuller points to what the coordinate system is in broad strokes. He gives many penetrating insights and new discoveries, but the synergetics coordinate system needs a lot more development before it will be possible to replace the current (and inherently unrealistic) XYZ coordinate model. [From Kirby Urner.] Synergetics: A metaphoric language for communicating experiences using geometric concepts. Thinking is the tuning in/out of systems. Systems are spherical networks of interrelated points of interest. The density of points is a measure of a system's ``frequency'' -- super high frequency systems approach sphericity. The minimal system with the fewest possible points is a tetrahedron -- four points make a primitive volume with an inside and an outside. The canonical tetrahedron has a volume of one. The tetrahedron may be sliced into 24 irregular tetrahedra (12 left handed, 12 right handed) called ``A modules.'' The octahedron is comprised of 48 A and 48 B modules of equal volume = 4 x the volume of the tetrahedron. A and B modules may be used to assemble the cube (3 tetravolumes), rhombic dodecahedron (6 tetravolumes), and the Coupler (1 tetravolume). The Coupler, with the same volume as the tetrahedron (1), is an irregular octahedron that packs together to fill space without gaps. Radiation is explosive outwardly while Gravitation is an implosive squeezing at 90 degrees to Radiation, i.e. is circumferential. Metaphysically, Gravity networks points of interest into systems of interrelated thoughts while Radiation drains away the sense of our systems and turns them into meaningless noise. Radiation is compression, Gravity is tension. Radiation is Entropy. Gravity is Love. Clearly this is not Physics but a more metaphorical language for communicating experiences using geometric concepts. This is Synergetics. [Ed: I think Fuller's synergetics describes real physics. Though it is true as Kirby points out that Bucky's presentation is more ``descriptive'' than ``hard'' physics. I contend that because Fuller is ``right on'' in his description, it is up to us to find the ``hard'' physics interpretation behind his ``metaphors.''] 2.1. What is ``synergy?'' [From Bucky's ``Synergetics'' [101.01-102]] ``Synergy means behavior of whole systems unpredicted by the behavior of their parts taken separately. ``Synergy means behavior of integral, aggregate, whole systems unpredicted by behaviors of any of their components or subassemblies of their components taken separately from the whole.'' [From Blaine A. D'Amico.] Fuller's clearest example of ``behavior of whole systems unpredicted by the behavior of the parts'' is mass attraction. The Earth and the Moon maintain their relationship through an interattraction of their respective masses. This mass attraction (gravity being a special case of mass attraction) is a function of the mass of the two bodies AND THEIR DISTANCE FROM ONE ANOTHER. The scientific law governing this attraction states that if you halve the distance between the two bodies you quadruple the attraction and vice-versa (i.e. double the distance and the attraction is 1/4 the original). This generalized principle (the law of mass attraction) is a synergy because if either body is considered separately there is no attractive force to examine. The law of mass attraction is mathematically exact and exists only as a function of the whole system. It is therefore a Synergy. 2.2. What is Fuller's definition of ``Universe?'' [From Synergetics, [301.00-302]] ``Universe is the aggregate of all humanity's consciously apprehended and communicated nonsimultaneous and only partially overlapping experiences. `` `Aggregate' means sum-totally but nonunitarily conceptual as of any one moment. `Consciousness' means an awareness of the otherness. `Apprehension' means information furnished by those wave frequencies tunable within man's limited sensorial spectrum. `Communicated' means informing self or others. `Nonsimultaneous' means not occurring at the same time. `Overlapping' is used because every event has a duration, and their initiatings and teminatings are most often of different duration. Neither the set of all `experiences' nor the set of all the words used to describe them are instantly reviewable nor are they of the same length. Experiences are either involuntary (subjective) or voluntary (objective), and all experiences, both physical and metaphysical, are finite because each begins and ends.'' 2.3. What is the ``Isotropic Vector Matrix'' (IVM)? [From Synergetics, [420.01]] ``When the centers of equiradius spheres in closest packing are joined by most economical lines, i.e., by geodesic vectorial lines, an isotropic vector matrix is disclosed -- `isotropic' meaning `everywhere the same,' `isotropic vector' meaning `everywhere the same energy conditions.' This matrix constitutes an array of equilateral triangles that corresponds with the comprehensive coordination of nature's most economical, most comfortable, structural interrelationships employing 60-degree association and disassociation. Remove the spheres and leave the vectors, and you have the octahedron- tetrahedron complex, the octet truss, the isotropic vector matrix.'' 2.3.1. I wondered if hexagonal closest packing forms an IVM? Also, is a diamond cubic structure the same as an IVM? [Steve Mather] HCP allows infinite permutations as successive layers of spheres do not need to lie over top a specific hole in the layer 2 down. HCP is not a restrictive enough packing method to generate the IVM per se. The IVM is equivalent to the face-centered cubic packing (FCC). I believe all diamond atoms occupy FCC positions, but leave others empty. Buckminsterfullerene will pack into an IVM (appropriately), and, with potassium wedged in some of the interstices, become a superconductor. --- Kirby 2.4. What is the ``vector equilibrium'' (VE)? [From Synergetics [205.01]] ``The geometrical model of energy configurations in synergetics is developed from a symmetrical cluster of spheres, in which each sphere is a model of a field of energy all of whose forces tend to coordinate themselves, shuntingly or pulsatively, and only momentarily in positive or negative asymmetrical patterns relative to, but never congruent with, the eternality of the vector equilibrium. The vectors connecting the centers of the adjacent spheres are identical in length and angular relationship. The forces of the field of energy represented by each sphere interoscillate through the symmetry of equilibrium to various asymmetries, never pausing at equilibrium. The vector equilibrium itself is only a referential pattern of conceptual relationships at which nature never pauses.'' 2.5. What is the jitterbug? [Making this model will greatly ease understanding of the jitterbug transformation described below. I use 6" dowels joined together with surgical tubing. Cut the surgical tubing into 2" pieces. Use a washer to form a four-valent, flexible vertex joining two pieces of the surgical tubing or insert one piece of 2" tubing into a hole (you must cut it yourself) in another 2" piece of tubing to create the vertex. The diameter of the surgical tubing should be very slightly (1/16") smaller in diameter than the dowels. You will need 24 such struts and 12 such vertices. Geometers call the shape of the VE a ``cuboctahedron.''] [From Synergetics, [460.01-460.05]] ``The `jitterbug' is the finitely closed, external vector structuring of a vector-equilibrium model constructed with 24 struts, each representing the push-pull, action-and-reaction, local compression vectors, all of them cohered tensionally to one another's ends by flexible joints that carry only tension across themselves, so that the whole system of only-locally-effective compression vectors is comprehensively cohered by omniembracing continuous four sliced hexagonal cycles' tension. ``When the vector-equilibrium `jitterbug' assembly of eight triangles and six squares is opened, it may be hand-held in the omnisymmetry confomation of the vector equilibrium `idealized nothingness of absolute middleness.' If one of the vector equilibrium's triangles is held by both hands in the following manner - with that triangle horizontal and parallel to and above a tabletop; with one of its apexes pointed away from the holder and the balance of the jitterbug system dangling symmetrically; with the opposite and lowest triangle, opposite to the one held just parallel to and contacting the tabletop, with one of its apexes pointed toward the individual who is handholding the jitterbug - and then the top triangle is deliberately lowered toward the triangle resting on the table without allowing either the triangle on the table or the triangle in the operator's hands to rotate (keeping hands clear of the rest of the system), the whole vector equilibrium array will be seen to be both rotating equatorially, parallel to the table but not rotations its polar-axis triangles, the top one of which the operating individual is hand- lowering, while carefully avoiding any horizontal rotation of, the top triangle in respect to which its opposite triangle, resting frictionally on the table, is also neither rotating horizontally nor moving in any direction at all. ``While the equatorial rotating results from the top triangle's rotationless lowering, it will also be seen that the whole vector- equilibrium array is contracting symmetrically, that is, all of its 12 symmetrically radiated vertexes move synchronously and symmetrically toward the common volumetric center of the spherically chorded vector equilibrium. As it contracts comprehensively and always symmetrically, it goes through a series of geometrical-transformation stages. It becomes first an icosahedron and then an octahedron, with all of its vertexes approaching one another symmetrically and without twisting its axis. ``At the octahedron stage of omnisymmetrical contraction, all the vectors (strut edges) are doubled together in tight parallel, with the vector equilibrium's 24 struts now producing two 12-strut-edged octahedra congruent with one another. If the top triangle of the composite octahedron (which is the triangle hand-held from the start, which had never been rotated, but only lowered with each of its three vertexes approaching exactly perpendicularly toward the table) is now rotated 60 degrees and lowered further, the whole structural system will transform swiftly into a tetrahedron with it original 24 edges now quadrupled together in the six-edge pattern of the tetrahedron, with four tetrahedra now congruent with one another. Organic chemists would describe it as a quadrivalent tetrahedral structure. ``Finally, the model of the tetrahedron turns itself inside out and oscillates between inside and outside phases. It does this as three of its four triangular faces hinge open around its base triangle like a flower bud's petals opening and hinging beyond the horizontal plane closing the tetrahedron bud below the base triangle.'' [From Blaine A. D'Amico.] For a full (and quite mind boggling) discussion of these Jitterbug Transformers see ``The Complete set of Jitterbug Transformers and the analysis of their motion'' by H.F. Verheyen in COMPUTERS, MATH AND APPLICATIONS Vol 17, No. 1-3 pp. 203-250, 1989. 2.6. What is Fuller's concept of ``space?'' [From Synergetics II [100.62- 100.63]] ``[One reason for human incomprehensibility of the findings of science] is our preoccupation with the sense of static, fixed ``space'' as so much unoccupied geometry imposed by square, cubic, perpendicular, and parallel attempts at coordination, rather than regarding ``space'' as being merely systemic angle-and-frequency information that is presently non-tuned-in within the physical, sensorial range of tunability of the electromagnetic sensing equipment with which we personally have been organically endowed. ``The somethingness here and the nothingness there of statically interarrayed ``space'' conceptioning is vacated as we realize that the infratunable is subvisible high-frequency eventing, which we speak of as matter, while the ultratunable is radiation, which we speak of as space. The tunable is special case, sensorially apprehensible episoding.'' [From Chris Fearnley] Space is ``systemic angle-and-frequency information'' because like all awareness it is patterned systemically and hence polyvertexially. It is information because the angle-and-frequency constituted system can be resolved into bits, 20-questions-wise. Space is ``presently non-tuned-in within the physical, sensorial range'' because we are presently not receiving electromagnetic energy or information to our eyes, ears, nose, tongue or skin. But space is identifiable as a metaphysical system -- it is ``out there.'' [Kirby Urner's contributions.] Space, the Final Untuned Vis-a-vis whatever is in experience at the moment, is a vast otherness, which is by definition not tuned. That is space, the field of potential experience, I would say. Or maybe the field of ``unmeant meanings'' (no experience of that at this time). The trichotomy of ``outside system, system, inside system'' or ``ultra-system-infra'' is a generic description of that system (e.g. ``belief system''). The ``space of the untuned'' or ``final frontier'' of a specific system is whatever that system cannot tune in. We all live in the space of our ignorance. Space as ``ultratunable radiation'' Before people knew about clusters of galaxies, or this galaxy for that matter, or ``outer space'' in general, they had yet to receive the energy through their instruments that would inform them of this ``space'' and its contents. The only way we have a concept of ``space'' is owing to our receiving energy. Relates to your dwelling on ``experience'' which Fuller equates with the ``tuned'' (vs untuned). What we tune is energetic. The far apartness of the galaxies, their infrequency, is what made them so ultratunable (unexperiential) for such a long time. 2.7. What is a ``system?'' [From Synergetics [400.011-02]] ``A system is the first subdivision of Universe. It divides all the Universe into six parts: first, all the universal events occurring geometrically outside the system; second, all the universal events occurring geometrically inside the system; third, all the universal events occurring nonsimultaneously, remotely, and unrelatedly prior to the system events; fourth, the Universe events occurring nonsimultaneously, remotely, and unrelatedly subsequent to the system events; fifth, all the geometrically arrayed set of events constituting the system itself; and sixth, all the Universe events occurring synchronously and or coincidentally to and with the systematic set of events uniquely considered. ``A system is the first subdivision of Universe into a conceivable entity separating all that is nonsimultaneously and geometrically outside the system, ergo irrelevant, from all that is nonsimultaneously and geometrically inside and irrelevant to the system; it is the remainder of Universe that conceptually constitutes the system's set of conceptually tunable and geometrical interrelatibility of events. ... ``All systems are polyhedra. Systems having insideness and outsideness must return upon themselves in a plurality of directions and are therefore interiorally concave and exteriorally convex. Because concaveness reflectively concentrates radiation impinging upon it and convexity diffuses radiation impinging upon it, concavity and convexity are fundamentally different, and therefore every system has an always and only coexisting inward and outward functionally differentialed complementarity. Any one system has only one insideness and only one outsideness. ...'' 2.8. What is the ``minimal system?'' The tetrahedron, of course. [From Gary Lawrence Murphy] The minimum system is an entity distinct from the rest of universe. The division is between the consideration set and the irrelevant; there will be leaks because no system is an island ;-), but for design purposes, the boundary defines the extent of energy interchange as represented by the concavity of the tetrahedral interior. The four components [of our friend the tetrahedron] are four sub- tunable systems, only resolvable as a single point, but a system none the less. Between these, we have Euler's rules for relative abundance of topological features, so if we can identify four stellar partners, we can postulate 6 interaction pairs and four interaction `facets;' we can also look at the non-simultaneousness of the pair-interaction vertex stars as potential leak points (in reality, each is probably involved in a myriad of other tetrally-thinkable systems) or in Fuller's terms, shunting-off points. 2.9. What is the ``omnidirectional halo?'' [This relates to Fuller's epistemography. From Synergetics, [501.10-501.12]] ``Any conceptual thought is a system and is structured tetrahedrally. This is because all conceptuality is polyhedral. The sums of all the angles around all the vertexes - even crocodile, or a 10,000-frequency geodesic (which is what the Earth really is) - will always be 720 degrees less than the number of vertexes time 360 degrees. ``The difference between nonconceptual, nonsimultaneous Universe and thinkability is always two tetrahedra: one as macro, to complete the convex localness outside the system, and one as micro, to complete the concave localness inside the system, to add up to finite but nonconceptual Universe. Thus the thinkable system takeout from Universe has a 'left-out' outside irrelevancy tetrahedron and a 'left- in' inside irrelevancy tetrahedron. ``You have to have the starkly nonvisible to provide the complementary tetrahedron to account for the visibility, since concave and convex are not the same. That stark invisible reality of the nonconceptual macro- and micro-tetrahedra also have to have this 720-degree elegance. But the invisible outside tetrahedron was equally stark. The finite but nonconceptual inness and outness: that is the Omnidirectional Halo.'' 2.10. Does synergetics provide an extension or modification of the ``scientific method?'' I've been thinking lately: Does Bucky offer in SYNERGETICS an extension of the scientific method? The definition of Universe ``The aggregate of all humanity's consciously apprehended and communicated (to self or others) experiences.'' Together with Fuller's notion of thinking as the systemic process of sorting experiences into three broad sets: the macroscopic irrelevant, the microscopic irrelevant, the lucidly relevant set. This is his omnidirectional halo. I think it provides a means of organizing our thinking to make it more effective. Isn't this what the scientific method is supposed to do? Moreover, the dynamic nature of synergetics implies that we need not get stuck permanently in paradigms as Thomas Kuhn suggests. Maybe synergetics is transparadigmatic. --- C. Fearnley Most definitely. Fuller did not choose the name Comprehensive Anticipatory Design SCIENCE lightly. Like all of Fuller's language the name was carefully chosen. I feel that your characterization of Synergetics as an extension of the scientific method is absolutely true. In fact this is one of Fuller's main criticisms of traditional geometry, that it is not science; meaning that it is not ``... setting in order the facts of experience'' but farther constructing an imaginary Universe out of non existent points, lines, and planes. - Blaine A. D'Amico 2.11. Are there connections between synergetics and fullerenes (besides the name, of course)? The connections that I see between Synergetics and the Fullerenes are manifold. First, Carbon is a tetrahedronal atom. It would seem logical that even if there were exceptions to Fuller's tetrahedronal concept of the shape of space, Carbon would surely obey these geometric principles (if the principles are true.) Fuller's discussions of tetrahedral bonding are remarkably similar to Linus Pauling's illustrations in ``The Architecture of Molecules,'' for example. --- Blaine A. D'Amico 2.12. Why use synergetics' conversion factors and other irrationals? [From Synergetics [410.02]] ``The omnirational associating and disassociating of chemistry - always joining in whole low-order numbers, as for instance H(2)O and never H(pi)O - persuaded me that if I could discover nature's comprehensive coordination, it would prove to be omnirational despite academic geometry's fortuitous development and employment of transcendental irrational numbers and other 'pure,' nonexperimentally demonstrable, incommensurable integer relationships.'' [From Mitch Amiano] Why does he so often make use of square root of 2, and to approximations of pi? It seems in fact that he actively uses them, but only as approximations, and with a synergetic conversion factor. [From Kiyoshi Kuromiya] I believe Fuller uses synergetic conversion factors simply as handy ``fudge factors'' and, if he had his way in the world, there would be no need for conversions, because everyone would use an entirely rational number system--or even more, a system consisting entirely of whole numbers. The use of the square root of two, I believe, is simply to illustrate principles of alloying, and like in the other case, could be dispensed with, if everyone were used to proofs that only relied on whole numbers. [From Kirby Urner] Relevant here is that giant Scheherazade number -- abbrev. Sz -- Fuller suggests would rationalize trigonometry. Adding lots of primes makes some sense, and a screen with that many pixels could certainly give us adequate resolution to submolecular levels, all with whole number coordinates. Second-root-of-two would be a shorthand symbol within a computational notation with a granular, integer underpinning. Given a grainy nature, with no absolute positions as represented by continuing irrational numbers to umpteen digits, I can see how Fuller felt no need to take the Number Theory idea of irrationality as a concept implemented in nature. But our symbols, our ``root of 2'' notations, continue to be useful, just as they always have. I don't think Sz numbers make the number theory idea of irrationals go away. The problem was never ``too few primes'' in our base. The proof that the 2nd root of 2 is irrational has nothing to do with primes, more with an reductio ad absurdum showing it's neither true nor false that the root of 2 is even or odd... anyway, I don't think Fuller is arguing that mathematicians have been wrong all these years in their own terms -- just that nature doesn't need to continue pi or other fractions according to some infinite rules. No time for that. [From Mitch Amiano] Given that Synergetics rejects irrationals, and given a modelling of nature based upon an integer representation with a specific sub- molecular resolution, could we not calculate the square root of 2 as a rational number? This is what carpenters do every time they check the accuracy of a square layout by measuring from corner to corner. The resolution of their measurements is at a significantly higher level, in terms of fractional inches. An example of measurement rationalization can be seen when moving from a relatively large base unit - the inch - to a relatively small one - the millimeter. More of the numbers are represented as whole integers. Thus, the operational square root of 2 is 1.40625" when measured in thirty-seconths of an inch on a 1"x1" square, or 37mm when measured in millimeters. 2.13. What is ``precession?'' [From Chris Fearnley] I think the simplest first-order definition of precession is the side effects of a system in motion (generally occurring at 90 degrees to the direction of motion). [From Gerry Segal] My college physics books defines precession as: ``a complex motion executed by a rotating body subjected to torque, by a conical locus of the axis'' That's quite a mouthful. Bucky gets even more complex. In Synergetics II, 533.08, He defines precession as: ``the intereffect of individually operating cosmic systems upon one another. Since Universe is an aggregate of individ- ually operative systems, all of the intersystem effects of the Universe are precessional, and the 180-degree imposed forces usually result in redirectional resultants of 90 degrees.'' A beautiful example is given in Synergetics I 417.00. Here two exact sets of 60 Closest-packed spheres (wedges) are rotated 90-degrees and twisted (torque). An unexpected and marvelous result is a perfect 8 ball edged, 7-frequency tetrahedron that is formed. I doubt that I have been successful in helping you understand precession. But I do know that if you take the time and build the models you'll have an underlying sense of the meaning that provides the basis of understanding that the written word only hints at. [From Leo Elliott] The clearest example I recall Bucky giving of the notion of ``precession'' was that from the viewpoint of a waterbug or a jellyfish on the surface of the water, directly in the path of some big ship, which will send out precessional waves slightly ahead of the bow, thereby alerting the astute bug or jellyfish that something big is indeed on the way. [From David Worrall] Imagine a pebble dropped into a pond. The pebble goes to the bottom (closer to the centre of gravity of the earth!) The wave created moves outwards, at 90 degrees, precessionally, to the pebble. [From Kirby Urner] ``Precession'' in synergetics shows up as the relationship between two sides of the same generalized principle coin. Gravity begets radiation begets gravity. Tension begets compression begets tension. Pull on two ends of a rope, and its strands are squeezed even more tightly together. Where two very general aspects of nature always and only co-exist, and their relationship is generally precessional. Synergetics is unlike traditional physics in its insistence on gravity as a circumferential pulling together (and thereby implosive), versus a radial explosiveness emanating from the center -- a 90 degree relationship. The Sun is a giant squeeze ball. Strands of thought are likewise circumferentially implosive, nonlinear hypertext countervailing against vs the information explosion. By extension, ``precession'' refers to nature's way of getting the job done at 90 degrees to human selfishness and ignorance. We ``do the right things for the wrong reasons.'' The graduating from Class II to Class I evolution which Fuller anticipates involves our starting to do the right things for the right reasons, like you don't need the Cold War to have the space program to have higher living standard spin-off technologies (goodies yielding at 90-degrees to ignorance fear). We don't have time for that kind of bumbling anymore. 2.14. What is the equation for finding the volume of a pyramid? [Steve Mather] [From Chris Fearnley] The issue of volume measure is dependent on the choice of the unit of volume. I recommend choosing the tetrahedron as the unit of volume. Then by subdividing the octahedron and tetrahedron into ``building blocks'' fascinating relationships will be discovered. Try building some models too! [From Kirby Urner] I agree with Chris F. -- using Fuller's regular P-lengthed tetrahedron as a unit of volume is a good beginning. A regular P-edged octahedron will have 4 times the tetra's volume, while a cube with a P-lengthed diagonal will have 3 times the tetra's volume. That means a cube of diagonal P has 3/4 the volume of an octahedron of edge P. Say P=1. The corresponding cube of diagonal 1 has a volume of about 0.354 (conventional math), and so the octahedron has a volume of 4/3 that, or 0.471 (again, conventional math). If we multiply both results by the Synergetics Constant, we get a cube of volume 0.3750000 (precise) and an octahedron of volume 1/2. Those are the nice volumes we'd like, given a simple edge of 1. Note that the tetrahedron of edge 1 has a volume of 1/8. That's because of how the Synergetics Constant is derived. The so-called ``prime vector'' between any 2 adjacent spheres in the icomatrix is of Cartesian length 2 (these are unit- radius spheres after all). So the Synergetics Constant is the ratio between the volume of a prime vector diagonaled cube in Synergetics (=3) and the corresponding cube in XYZ geometry (2nd-root of 2 to the third power). [From Martin Roller] Kirby Urner writes: >By the way, there *is* a formula that provides the volume of >*any* tetrahedron given its 6 edges as inputs. It's a monster >formula, derived by Leonhard Euler. I doubt I could write it >understandably in ASCII. Let ABCD be a tetrahedron with sides a = AD, b = BD, c = CD, p = BC, q = CA, r = AB. The volume V of the tetrahedron can be computed from the determinant of a 5-by-5 matrix as follows (here ^2 means taking squares). | 0 r^2 q^2 a^2 1| | | |r^2 0 p^2 b^2 1| | | 288 V^2 = |q^2 p^2 0 c^2 1| | | |a^2 b^2 c^2 0 1| | | | 1 1 1 1 0| [From Kirby Urner] Euler's equation for any Tetrahedron w/ edges p,q,r,s,t,u,v: M= (2qrt)^2 -[q^2(r^2+t^2-u^2)^2] -[r^2(q^2+t^2-v^2)^2] -t^2(q^2+r^2-s^2)^2 substitute above M in equation below (V=Volume) V= 112 M + (r^2+t^2-u^2)(q^2+t^2-v^2)(q^2+r^2-s^2)^.5/ This looks a lot more complicated than the determinant expression, but then a determinant is short-hand for a long messy expression. Anyway, both give the same answers. Then you can multiply by the Synergetics Constant to give the volume relative to a Tetrahedron defined by 4 adjacent unit-radius spheres of volume one. 3. Fuller's Ideas about Human Society: Critical Path Fuller was interested in all branches of the so-called ``social sciences'' and he made contributions to several. Much of this work was in economics. He published several studies of industrial trends (including a famous 1940 issue of Fortune magazine which he inspired). He advocated the principle of ``ephemeralization'' or doing ``more with less.'' He also advocated a design science revolution whereby designers use the principles of science in a well thought out way to accomplish greater and greater functionality with fewer and fewer energy resource investments for the benefit of 100% of humanity. This, in contradistinction to his ``archenemy'' Obnoxico Inc., which trys to make money out of thin air (or rocks) with little or no appreciable benefit to humankind. He founded the world game which explores the task of making the world work for 100% of humanity. His major works in this area are ``Critical Path'' and ``Grunch of Giants'' wherein he also gives a unique perspective of the history of humans on Earth. 3.1. What is the Design Science Revolution? As I understand it this is basically Fuller's program for applying the principles of science to solving the problems of humanity in an aggressive, anticipatory and comprehensive way. Because the principle of ephemeralization shows we can accomplish more and more functionality with less and less energy, material and time investment, ``we are now able to do so much with so little that we can provide for the basic needs of 100% of humanity without disadvantaging anyone.'' Fuller suggests that by taking the design principles of Universe (as described in ``Synergetics'' and elsewhere) and our consciously developed values, we can emerge from the present-day ``dark ages'' and prosper like never before in history. 3.1.1. When will the Design Science Revolution begin? [From Chris Fearnley] The Design Science Revolution has ALREADY begun During the 1980s, under the smoke screen of republican conservatism conveniently provided by the mass media, large numbers of individuals and groups have begun to organize the resources available to them to understand the world and begin the process of working for 100% of humanity. Here are some events that suggest that Earth may be entering the design science revolution as predicted by Buckminster Fuller: World Game grew to be an Institute, World Resources Institute was formed (c. 1982), The World Watch Institute began publishing a yearly State of the World Report, home computing explodes in numbers and quality and became ubiquitous, BBSing becomes an institution for intercommunication, [From Unknown] Some of my colleagues have been doing realtime strategizing where NEWIDEA=``global design science revolution.'' Fuller's hypothesis was that lag times in social acceptance of new artifacts is a function of a natural gestation rate associated with different technological arenas e.g. novelty electronics proceed from drawing boards to end- users in a matter of years, whereas adoption of fundamental changes in household architecture is measured in decades. Obviously changes occur along different scales (geologic thru atomic). Some NEWIDEAs come with glacial-paced agendas that no amount of cleverness in strategy will accelerate beyond a top limit. 3.2. What is the ``cosmic accounting system?'' --- Fuller's Eco- nomics. [I think Fuller's example below is the best description. Typed in by Pat Salsbury.] The following is an excerpt from Critical Path by R. Buckminster (``Bucky'') Fuller. (Copyright 1981, St. Martin's Press, NY -- pp. 262-263) ``...We have pointed out that the geologist Francois de Chardenedes wrote for me a scenario of the technology of nature's producing petroleum which disclosed that the amount of energy employed by nature as heat and pressure for the amount of time required to produce each gallon of petroleum, if paid for at the rate at which the public utilities now charge retail customers for electricity, must cost over a million dollars a gallon. Combine that information with the discovery that approximately 60 percent of the employed in U.S. America are working at tasks that are not producing any life support. Jobs of inspectors-of-inspectors; jobs with insurance companies that induce people to bet that their house is going to be destroyed by fire while the insurance company bets that it isn't. All these are negative preoccupations...jobs with the underwriting of insurance underwriters by other insurance underwriters -- people checking up on one another in all the different departments of the Treasury, the Internal Revenue, FBI, CIA, and in counterespionage. About 60 percent of all human activity in America is not producing any physical life protection, life support, or development accommodation, which physical life support alone constitutes real wealth. ``The majority of Americans reach their jobs by automobile, probably averaging four gallons a day -- thereby, each is spending four million real cosmic-physical-Universe dollars a day without producing any physical Universe life-support wealth accredited in the energy-time -- metabolic -- accounting system eternally governing regenerative Universe. Humans are designed to learn how to survive only through trial-and-error-won knowledge. Long-known errors are, however, no longer cosmically tolerated. The 350 trillion cosmic dollars a day wasted by the 60 percent of no-wealth-producing human job-holders in the U.S.A., together with the $19 quadrillion a day wasted by the no- wealth-producing human job-holders in all other automobiles-to-work countries, also can no longer be cosmically tolerated. ``Today we have computers that enable us to answer some very big questions if all the relevant data is fed into the computer and all the questions are properly asked. As for instance, ``Which would cost society the least: to carry on as at present, trying politically to create more no-wealth-producing jobs, or paying everybody handsome fellowships to stay at home and save all those million-dollar-each gallons of petroleum?'' Stated evermore succinctly, the big question will be: ``Which costs more -- paying all present job-holders a billionaire's lifelong $400,000-a-day fellowship to stay at home, or having them each spend $4 million a day to commute to work?'' Every computer will declare it to be much less expensive to pay people not to go to work. The same computers will also quickly reveal that there is no way in which each and every human could each day spend $400,000 staying at the most expensive hotels and doing equally expensive things; they could rarely spend 4000 of the 1980-deflated dollars a day, which is only 1 percent of a billionaire's daily income.'' [From Ross Keatinge] The most fundamental message I have got from his writings is about wealth. I cringe when I hear or read about a `worldwide recession' and a `depressed economy'. I know it sounds like common sense but I find it difficult to get people to realize that it is all our own doing. I work for a company which among other things does foreign exchange dealing. I'm not directly involved in but I always find it amusing when they talk about `The Market' as if it is some alien entity which we have no control over. There has been some currency crises in recent times and I hear phases like ``Everybody is watching the market very closely today,'' or ``I hope the dollar doesn't drop any further today.'' I tend to see the population of the Earth as similar to a group of people living on an island with plenty of natural resources but some are starving because the people can't get their act together even though they have the technology to transport resources around the island. The latest `Time' has a bit about the huge stockpiles of food in Europe they don't quite know what to do with. 3.3. What is the World Game? [Keyed in by Patrick G. Salsbury.] This is an excerpt from ``The Essential Whole Earth Catalog'' (Doubleday Company, Inc., Garden City, NY) p. 89 `` THE WORLD GAME ``To make the World work / for 100% of Humanity / In the shortest possible time / Through spontaneous cooperation / Without ecological offense / Or the disadvantage of anyone.'' Buckminster fuller initiated the World Game in 1969 as one means of accomplishing this worthy goal. The idea is that with enough data on world resources and their distribution (including accumulated technology and problem-solving skills), the world's citizens will do what's best for all. Fuller assumed that once it was obvious that there was enough of everything to go around, people would stop fighting wars and get to work making the world work -- if not as a utopia at least not continuing the current suicidal path. World Game is still developing. Recent sessions use an enormous basketball-court- size map in order to more easily visualize various strategies as they are suggested by participants. A formidable software database called Global Data Manager allows individuals to play with the numbers on their PCs. ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 18 Jul 1994 00:03:30 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ (Part 2 of 5) The R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ Christopher J. Fearnley, cfearnl@cpp.pha.pa.us v.1.0, 12 July 1994 This is the Frequently Asked Questions and Answers (FAQ) Resource on R. Buckminster Fuller. It is based primarily on the history of the discussions, interests, and needs of the readers of the BITNET list GEODESIC and it's USENET gateway bit.listserv.geodesic. So some of the information could be in error (especially addresses and phone numbers). The FAQ is maintained by Chris Fearnley (fearnlcj@drexel.ocs.drexel.edu). Please send all errors and suggestions to me. The FAQ is released (generally with modifications) on the 12th of each month (to celebrate Bucky's monthly birth anniver- sary -- He was born 12 July 1895). Some citations are in brackets before the text, others follow it. Most material is directly quoted from the logs (with minor editing to correct typos, a bit of stream- lining, etc,.). SO BEWARE OF OUTDATED INFORMATION. Please follow-up with discussion and questions to bit.listserv.geodesic or to the mail- ing list geodesic@ubvm (see section ``List GEODESIC'' for subscription details). Table of Contents 1. Introductory 2. Synergetics 2.1. What is ``synergy?'' 2.2. What is Fuller's definition of ``Universe?'' 2.3. What is the ``Isotropic Vector Matrix'' (IVM)? 2.3.1. I wondered if hexagonal closest packing forms an IVM? Also, is a diamond cubic structure the same as an IVM? [Steve Mather] 2.4. What is the ``vector equilibrium'' (VE)? 2.5. What is the jitterbug? 2.6. What is Fuller's concept of ``space?'' 2.7. What is a ``system?'' 2.8. What is the ``minimal system?'' 2.9. What is the ``omnidirectional halo?'' 2.10. Does synergetics provide an extension or modification of the ``scientific method?'' 2.11. Are there connections between synergetics and fullerenes (besides the name, of course)? 2.12. Why use synergetics' conversion factors and other irra- tionals? 2.13. What is ``precession?'' 2.14. What is the equation for finding the volume of a pyra- mid? [Steve Mather] 3. Fuller's Ideas about Human Society: Critical Path 3.1. What is the Design Science Revolution? 3.1.1. When will the Design Science Revolution begin? 3.2. What is the ``cosmic accounting system?'' --- Fuller's Economics. 3.3. What is the World Game? 3.3.1. What is the World Game Institute? 3.3.2. What are the World Game Institutes ``games'' like? 3.3.3. What is Global Data Manager (GDM)? 3.3.4. Does the World Game offer any solutions to the World Hunger Problem? 3.4. What were Fuller's views on religion and God? 3.4.1. How did Bucky's ``Ever Rethinking the Lord's Prayer'' go? 3.5. What is the Global Energy Grid idea? 3.6. What is a ``trimtab?'' 3.7. Was Bucky a socialist? 3.8. What were Fuller's views on Education? 3.9. What is the difference between ``Class I'' and ``Class II'' evolution? 3.10. How to house humanity? And other reflections on Making the World work. 4. Geodesic Domes and other Inventions 4.1. What is a geodesic dome? 4.1.1. Do domes really weigh less then their component materi- als? 4.1.2. What are some features of underground, concrete domes? 4.1.3. What are geotangent domes? 4.1.4. What are the advangates (and disadvantages) of Dome Life? 4.1.5. How to use solar panels in domes? [Kerri Brochard] 4.1.6. Dome References [Oldest material first] 4.2. Dome Math: What you've all been waiting for!!! 4.2.1. Dome Theory 4.2.2. What are the basics of Spherical Trigonometry? 4.2.3. How to tesselate a sphere? 4.2.4. Chord Factors - the nitty gritty. 4.3. What is a tensegrity model? 4.3.1. How to Build Tensegrities? 4.3.2. Who was Kenneth Snelson and what was his role in the invention of tensegrities? 4.4. What are ``cloud nines?'' 4.5. What is ``dymaxion?'' 4.6. What was the ``Dymaxion Car?'' 4.7. What is a ``fog gun?'' 4.8. What was Fuller's ``floating city?'' 4.9. What was the Old Man's River 4.10. What was the Dymaxion Deployment Unit? 4.11. What is the Dymaxion Map? 4.11.1. Details about the Dymaxion Map. 4.12. What was the Dymaxion House? 5. Miscellany 5.1. What are ``fullerenes'' and ``buckyballs?'' 5.1.1. What are some of the properties of the fullerenes? 5.1.2. What are ``buckytubes?'' 5.1.3. What are ``endohedral fullerenes?'' 5.2. What is Biosphere II? 5.3. Was Fuller formally educated? 5.4. Will there be a 1995 commemorative stamp marking Bucky's 100th birthday? 5.5. Bibliography: Culled from many postings 5.6. Organizations and Corporations mentioned on GEODESIC (incomplete and dated) [Mostly dome-type manufacturers.] 5.7. Computer tools (may or may not be useful to dome design or synergetics' modelling). 5.8. Fuller's ``failures.'' 5.9. Where would you encourage your best friend to start in the Fuller literature? (For maximum ease of mastery) [Jeff Perth] 5.10. Quotes and Coinages. 5.11. Bucky: humanitarian or cold-hearted technocrat --- The value of a man? 5.12. What was the nature of Fuller's involvement with Werner Erhardt, EST and the World Hunger Project? [Lance Fletcher] 5.13. What were relations like between Fuller and his Stu- dents? 5.14. What is GENESIS II? 5.15. Could Fuller's proposed Very Large Structures work? 6. Net Resources 6.1. Buckminsterfullerenes Update Service and Fullerene Bibli- ography 6.2. List GEODESIC: GEODESIC@UBVM.BITNET 6.3. FIX (Fuller Information eXchange) BBS 6.4. WWW (World Wide Web) sources 3.3.1. What is the World Game Institute? [Dane Winberg of the World Game Institute sent me this contribution.] World Game Institute is a non-profit, non-partisan, global education and research organization dedicated to developing and disseminating problem solving and educational tools. World Game was conceived by world renowned architect, philosopher and visionary, R. Buckminster Fuller as a creative problem solving tool whose goal is to ``make the world work for 100% of humanity in the shortest possible time, through spontaneous cooperation and without ecological offense or the disadvantage of anyone.'' Global Recall 2.0 - A computer atlas featuring 300 world, regional and country maps and 600 data indicators for all countries; 18 essays on current global problems; a Solutions Lab section where you can describe your ideas for global solutions and compare them to real-world data. Comprised of several linked HyperCard stacks, available for Macintosh computers. Regular data updates. Global Data Manager - Available for DOS or Macintosh (currently only for system 6), GDM displays data on population, food, energy, education, natural resources, economics, etc. for the world, all continents and all countries. Separately sold disks of data from World Bank, World Resources Institute, UN. World Game Workshops - Interactive global simulations conducted for elementary and high schools, community groups, universities and corporations; adapted with an emphasis on world geography, history, current events, global issues, patterns of development, strategic options and sustainable solutions to local and global problems. World View Map for the Playground - A basketball court-sized world map is painted on elementary school playgrounds; includes an activities manual for several subject areas. World View Map for the Classroom - A smaller roll-out version of the playground map for indoor use. World Game Institute 3215 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-2597 Phone: (215)387-0220 Fax: (215)387-3009 E-mail: XTM00002@DUVM.OCS.DREXEL.EDU [Posted by Ian Wells] INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD GAME INSTITUTE The World Game Institute is a non-profit research and education organization dedicated to developing technological and interactive tools for global problem solving. Among our many products and programs are: o Computer software products for researchers, primary and secondary schools, policy makers and others who need global information at their fingertips to help them create problem solving strategies that work; o Participatory workshops conducted for corporations, national governments, universities high schools and world organizations that demonstrate in real terms the distribution of resources around the world, and methods of using those resources to provide a quality standard of life for all humans without destroying the planet; o Museum exhibits which display the status of resource distribution around the world, and which demonstrate the impact of environmental, military and agricultural policy; o Publications which disseminate research methods and solutions for global problems, and demonstrating creative uses for the tools developed by the World Game Institute; o Playground maps of the world, supplied with teacher's training manuals and activities to make global education fun. The World Game was created by R. Buckminster Fuller, the eminent geometer, architect and thinker, as a creative alternative to war games. Participants in World Game workshops learn to see the world in terms of one population sharing the wealth of one planet, and ``win'' the Game when they meet the basic health, education, welfare and survival needs of the world's population. In its more sophisticated versions, the World Game also acts as a simulation and laboratory, used by policy makers, corporations and diplomats and world leaders to devise efficient problem solving strategies. ******The preceding was uploaded to CompuServe several months ago. The World Game Workshop, while conceived by Fuller, does not resemble the original Workshops closely at all. Neither is the World Game Institute actively involved in disseminating information about Fuller or pursuing his ``synergetics'' theory, per se. His theories are a jumping off point for the Institute, but we are not solely involved in propagating his teachings alone. Susan Caskey 3.3.2. What are the World Game Institutes ``games'' like? Did you know that some scientists have determined that the air could cleanse itself of all pollutants in TWO WEEKS if polluting stopped for that period of time? Did you know that all nuclear warheads would be non-explosive in 18-22 years if no tritium was replaced in them? Briefly, The World Game is a three hour experience including a 1 1/2 hour trading simulation game played on a dymaxion projection of the Earth. Lots of slides and music is used to make it entertaining as well as educational. Fuller's intent was to design a game that would be an alternative to war games. Although the game content deals with many issues besides the environment such as hunger, nuclear proliferation, and education, the ideas of cooperation and coordination are pervasive and based on up- to-the-moment data on all of the issues. Costs are dependent on number of workshops to be held, distance traveled, etc. Figure around $3500 and up. But it is worth it! Often our district will spend anywhere from $5000- $10,000 for a speaker for an evening seminar. So don't flinch at the money yet. Janet Whitaker Rio Salado Community College Phoenix, Arizona 3.3.3. What is Global Data Manager (GDM)? To quote from the GDM manual: ``If information is power, Global Data Manager is a powerful tool. Its intended purpose is to make accessible the vast amounts of statistical data upon which all fundamental resource allocation decisions in the world are made... Global Data Manager makes available for the first time, in an easy to use personal data computer format, the vital statistics of the world. Its purpose is to integrate into one system the world's most complete inventory of global data into an easy to use, personal computer based, problem analysis and solving system that is accessible to the researcher, policy maker, social activist, student, teacher, media and general public'' Ian Wells Director, Social Impact Group Boston Computer Society 3.3.4. Does the World Game offer any solutions to the World Hunger Problem? I just latched onto a copy of ``Ho-Ping: Food for Everyone,'' by Medard Gabel [Ed.: Medard Gabel is the executive director of the World Game Institute.] It is INCREDIBLE! It addresses the World's Food supply/distribution problems from a holistic, comprehensive, design science approach. That is, by considering the ENTIRE planet, and 100% of humanity in all its study. --- Patrick Salsbury 3.4. What were Fuller's views on religion and God? The following is a quote from pages 116 & 117 of ``Ideas and Integrities'' by R. Buckminster Fuller. (c) 1963. The actual passage is taken from something he wrote on Sunday, Nov. 7th, 1942. It is interesting to note how accurate the statements seem to be in our present time, despite their age. I got a kick out of them in light of the recent scandals in religious circles and all the other goings on. The statements come from Chapter Six of the Book. It is entitled ``I Figure'' and these two words are meant to proceed each of the ideas presented in the chapter. --- Patrick Salsbury, 1-11-90 ``...that the people are now more deeply conscious than ever before in history of the existence and functioning principles of universal, inexorable physical laws; of the pervading, quietly counseling truth within each and every one of us; of the power of love; and--each man by himself--of his own developing, dynamic relationship with his own conception of the Almightiness of the All-Knowing. ``...that our contemporaries just don't wear their faith on their sleeves anymore. ``...that people have removed faith from their sleeves because they found out for themselves that faith is much too important for careless display. Now they are willing to wait out the days and years for the truthful events, encouraged individually from within; and the more frequently the dramatic phrases advertising love, patriotism, fervent belief, morals, and good fellowship are plagiarized, appropriated and exhibited in the show windows of the world by the propaganda whips for indirect and ulterior motives, no matter how meager the compromise--the more do people withdraw within themselves and shun taking issue with the nauseating perversions, though eternally exhibiting quiet indifference, nonchalance or even cultivating seemingly ignorant acceptance.'' 3.4.1. How did Bucky's ``Ever Rethinking the Lord's Prayer'' go? [Well, he came up with a new version each night! But here is one version posted by Leo Elliott.] The following is a transcription from a 1976 ``Being With Bucky,'' New Dimensions Tapes, side 15 (parsing and punctuation by transcriptionist). ----------------------------------------------------------- Our God, who art in we even, even we who know most intimately of our own weaknesses, failures, faults, and outright sins our selfishness, fear and cupidity, of our moments of jealousy, rage and hate secret cover-ups, lies and self-deceits God even of we Our God -- our intuitively-apprehended comprehensive-admonisher Omni-experienced is your identity, the everywhere and everywhen evolving omnireality is your presence and as the reality differs _uniquely_ from moment to moment in respect to each individual so do you speak to each in exquisitely relevant, instructive terms regarding that which the individual can most effectively do not in behalf of self but in behalf of all humanity and Thus in support of the intellectual functioning of humans thereby in local universe support of the eternal integrity of omniregenerative universe which is God. As omniexperience, you have given us overwhelming manifest of your complete knowledge your complete comprehension your complete concern your complete wisdom your complete responsibility your complete co-ordination your complete competence to cope with any and all problems and of your utter reliability always so to do Yours, dear God, is all the glory. * * * We oft-times think of ourselves as independent individuals able to get on by ourselves by our own wits forgetting altogether that we did not invent those wits nor the incredibly complex, 99.9% automated biological organisms nor the rest of the universe with which they interfunction, all of which is entirely the prior competent conceptioning only of God. Yes dear God, yours _is_ all the Glory. You are the totally mysterious eternal integrity, both comprehensively and incisively governing the omni-intercomplementation and omni-interaccomodation of all physical and metaphysical experiences of ever and everywhere separately and complexedly intertransforming omni-regenerative universe. You are the synergetic integral of all truths. We have absolute trust and faith in you and we wish of you awe-inspiredly, thankfully, rejoicingly and lovingly -- for it's spontaneously feasible for humans to be wishful of the truth in awe of the truth thankful for the truth to rejoice in the truth and to love the truth and to love all the truths combined for all truths are omni-interaccommodative as are all the only mathematically-statable generalized principles discovered by human minds, experimentally verified by science to be externally governing complex interrelationships of physical universe. * * * Truths and principles never contradict one another. They are all concurrently omni-interaccommodative and all the truths are metaphysical cognitions by humans of special-case realizations of eternally-valid generalized principles. It is only through many repeated experiences and recognitions of the eternal principles their non-contradicting interaccommodations that each individual human progressively and only intuitively discovers the existence of eternal principles and their special-case manifests and the truths of everyday events and all the truths, as our lives discover them, trend to integrate in synergetic perfection beyond the special-case experiencing of inherently terminal ergo inherently limited human conceptioning, comprehension and communication... 3.5. What is the Global Energy Grid idea? [From ``Critical Path'' by RBF, 1981, p. 206.] ``It is engineeringly demonstrable that there is no known way to deliver energy safely from one part of the world to another in larger quantities and in swifter manner than by high-voltage-conducted `electricity.' For the first half of the twentieth century the limit- distance of technically practical deliverability of electricity was 350 miles. As a consequence of the post-World War II space program's employment and advancement of the invisible metallurgical, chemical, and electronics more-with-lessing technology, twenty-five years ago it became technically feasible and expedient to employ ultra-high-voltage and superconductivity, which can deliver electrical energy within a radial range of 1500 miles from the system's dynamo generators. ``To the World Game seminar of 1969 I presented my integrated, world- around, high-voltage electrical energy network concept. Employing the new 1500-mile transmission reach, this network made it technically feasible to span the Bering Straits to integrate the Alaskan U.S.A. and Canadian networks with Russia's grid, which had recently been extended eastward into northern Siberia and Kamchatka to harness with hydroelectric dams the several powerful northwardly flowing rivers of northeasternmost U.S.S.R. This proposed network would interlink the daylight half of the world with the nighttime half. ``Electrical-energy integration of the night and day regions of the Earth will bring all the capacity into use at all times, thus overnight doubling the generating capacity of humanity because it will integrate all the most extreme night and day peaks and valleys. From the Bering Straits, Europe and Africa will be integrated westwardly through the U.S.S.R., and China, Southeast Asia; India will become network integrated southwardly through the U.S.S.R. Central and South America will be integrated southwardly through Canada, the U.S.A., and Mexico.'' [GENI (Global Energy Network International) is pursuing this idea. Here is Nov '90 contact info for them. From Melcir Erskine-Richmond.] Peter Meisen, Director Global Energy Network International PO Box 24455 SAN DIEGO, CA. 92124, USA Fax: 619/595-0403 Ph: 619/595-0139 3.6. What is a ``trimtab?'' [From Blaine A. D'Amico.] A Trimtab is a tiny flap that controls the rudder on a ship or airplane. When the rudder needs to be moved, this tiny ``trimtab'' is adjusted which creates a low pressure area on one side and turns the rudder. Bucky used the word to illustrate what the little individual can do to ``turn the great ship of state.'' He also noted that the ship has [already] passed the point where the turn is occurring. This might be a comfort to those on the bow wondering if we have missed our chance to change course. Bucky's gravestone says simply ``Call me TRIMTAB'' 3.7. Was Bucky a socialist? Not exactly. Though he did speak fondly of socialism (mostly the ``take care of everyone'' ideas of socialism). The following exchange clarifies this a bit. Blaine A. D'Amico: Fuller said nothing about redistribution. His Design Science revolution is based in raising the living standard of the `have-nots' and `have-lesses' without taking away from the haves. This is done through ephemeralization ``more with less.'' Patrick G. Salsbury: He did, however, discuss DISTRIBUTION, and how the intelligent application of that could solve problems like global food shortages, etc. 3.8. What were Fuller's views on Education? [From Robert L Lamons] I am anamored with his writings on education. For someone that had so much difficulty with standard education models he did quite well. I first read about his theory on ``Education'' in Operating manual for Spaceship Earth, chapters 3,4 and 5 I believe. I have read his other books on education too. All lead to the same conclusion, that education is active and must be sought, not something that you can sit down and drink up as someone pours it out to you. We have modeled our educational theories after this and are now ``organically'' homeschooling our 5 children. That is what we like most about Bucky. 3.9. What is the difference between ``Class I'' and ``Class II'' evo- lution? [Critical Path, p. 229-30] ``Class-two evolutionary trendings are all those events that seem to be resultant upon human initiative-taking or political reforms that adjust to the changes wrought by the progressive introduction of environment- altering artifacts. All the class-two evolutionary events tend to flatter human ego and persuade humanity to deceive itself by taking credit for favorable changes in circumstances while blaming other humans or `acts of God' for unfavorable changes. It therefore assumes that humanity is running the Universe wherefore, if its power-structure leaders decide that is is valid to cash in all of nature's available riches to further enrich the present rich or to protect them militarily from attacks by their assumed enemies - all at the cost of terminating human presence on planet Earth - that is the power-structure leader's divine privilege. ``All the class-one evolutionary trending is utterly transcendental to any human vision, planning, manipulation, and corruption. Class-one evolution accounts for humans' presence on Earth. It accounts for their having always been born naked, helpless for months, and inexperienced - ergo, ignorant, hungry, thirsty, curious, and therefore fated to learn how to survive only through trial-and-error- won, progressive accumulation of experience. Class-one evolution accounted for humanity's all-unexpected invention of verbal (aural, sound) communication, and thereby the integration of the experience- won information of the many, whereby the integrated information of the many increased the capability of humanity at large to cope with the exigencies of life. It is class-one evolution that led, after the progressive integration of the total experience-won information, to the unpredicted invention of writing or visual communication, by means of which the dead could speak to the living and within which total written information history human mind from time to time discovered repetitive patterns, which in turn sometimes led to the discovery of generalized scientific principles.'' 3.10. How to house humanity? And other reflections on Making the World work. Housing humanity was Fuller's motivation for designing the Dymaxion House and the Geodesic Dome (See section ``Geodesic Domes and Other Inventions'' for more on Fuller's inventions). Fuller designed them because of the tremendous waste and inadequacy of cube dwellings. Also see sections ``What was Fuller's ``floating city?'''' and ``Old Man's River City Project (circular cities)?'' on re-designing cities. [From Kirby Urner] And I'm one of the *lucky* ones! I've got indoor plumbing and heat! No way we can supply the world's billions with these assets using the sadly obsolete construction methods of yesteryear, perpetuated with cosmetic improvements decade after decade. The USA living standard cannot be replicated globally, nor should it be, as inappropriate, wasteful and Dark Aged as it is! May the Chinese do it better! A story on the radio the other day said metal is becoming more popular among construction workers in this age of dwindling forests and climbing lumber prices. For one thing, you can screw instead of nail. Imagine, pro-metal propaganda on the radio -- in Oregon! The lumber industry is fighting back, saying mines are at least as damaging to the environment as logging. But Fuller's point was that the majority of the metals we need are already mined, and can be recycled over and over (the dwellings will be designed with recycling in mind, kind of like the Germans have been doing with some models of BMW). The old housing stock won't disappear -- decades of remodeling await the avid remodelers. But I wish those of us who are being pushed to the periphery by high housing costs had more to look forward to than mobile home courts. I'm always passing these mobile homes on the backs of trucks on the freeway -- Caution Wide Load. Why do helicopter deliveries from the local dealer to less paved over and bulldozed environs sound so far out and ``futuristic?'' Fuller's little energy-harvesting, grid-autonomous units, constellated in remote little campus-communities, would make ideal living and learning environments -- good places for children. [From Leo Elliott] ``Why do helicopter deliveries... sound so far out and `futuristic'?'' I think the most telling answer is implied in a word contained in Kirby's next sentence: ``Fuller's little energy-harvesting, grid-autonomous units, constellated in remote little campus-communities...'' the key word being ``grid-autonomous.'' As per ``Grunch of Giants,'' pushers do not like it when users decide they want to ``grow their own,'' be it homes, domes, education, or local support systems. Supposedly the dymaxion bathroom, mentioned here previously, received rave reviews until the plumbers unions of the time found out that it would be completely user-installable, thus depriving them of their ``standard fees.'' I would suspect that it has been this whole notion of de-centralized energy systems (centrifugal energy flow/centripetal info flow) which has, over the years, aside from Fuller's personal suasions and disuasions, been the most threatening (to the ``giants'') aspect of his overall program -- live anywhere you want, do what you want, all paid for by the dole, which itself will be more than paid for by the return on investment of those marvelous discoveries and inventions made by the less-than-1% who would produce the most wonderful synergy-revealing artifacts. [From Kirby Urner] Leo Elliott writes: > I would suspect that it has been this whole notion of de-centralized energy > systems... which has... been the most threatening (to the ``giants'') aspect > of [Fuller's] overall program Perhaps, perhaps. But think of the business interests in *favor* too: a huge aftermarket in user-installables (similar to computer component add-ons). Cellular phone and fax demands, satellite TV, the education and info-tainment dialup video needs of remotely deployed home- schoolers, a growing sector of under/unemployed defense workers with aerospace savvy... And the utility grids will *still* have LA, Paris and Tokyo to power. Its not like a sprinkling of grid-autonomous dust is going to spell 'lights out' in the sprawling megalopolis already covering the planet. Moreover, Fuller was hardly ``anti-grid'' what with his bi-hemispheric vision of same... Recall that ``the industry industry missed'' (July 1932, Fortune magazine) was initially very appealing to industrialists in the pre- war 30s, including such as GE -- was briefly subject of what we'd nowadays call ``media hype.'' The unions (along with the banks and county zoning boards) might have killed it, but the duck was lame to begin with -- or at least this is what Fuller says in retrospect: ``Fortune made the mistake of assuming `the industry industry missed' had at last come of age... Evolution was clearly intent on postponing the inception of the livingry service industry until humanity had graduated from its pre-twentieth century condition as a planet of remote nations... all of which waited upon the completion of a world- around network of ... telephones ... and jumbo jet airplanes.'' (G of G, pp xvii-iii). [From Kirby Urner] Adequate shelter for all humans is possible. Not using forest products though. I think what tent life and Fuller's homes have in common is energy-autonomy. With a Fuller unit, I can plunk down in the middle of nowhere. The tripod of my Fly's Eye is adjustable for bumpy, slopey terrain. I didn't have to rip a road through the wilderness to get it here. I didn't have to pour a foundation or bulldoze or whatever. Say I'm a student of ecology. A university consortium has these ``remote campus deployment'' units that programs rent for a few weeks or months. Whole little communities deploy, doing minimal damage to the environment, make their studies (staying in touch with cellular internet etc.), and leave. The noisy helicopter part only comes at the beginning and the end, and maybe once a week during the middle. I say we look at cities as huge campuses (the ``city as campus'' metaphor) and all humans as would-be students in a Global University. Work-study options, life-long ``learning a living'' scenarios give you access to all kinds of facilities, travel. Fuller computed that our global energy budget (solar derived) gave us enough to offer fellowships to all those impoverished and living in shanty towns, minus any really good education. I think many families in the Philippines would jump at the chance to enroll in the Global University. If you like the outdoors life, and growing food, or fishing, well, that can be arranged. 4. Geodesic Domes and other Inventions Fuller invented the Geodesic Dome in the late 1940s to demonstrate some ideas about housing and ``energetic-synergetic geometry'' which he had developed during WWII. This invention built on his two decade old quest to improve the housing of humanity. It represents a brilliant demonstration of his synergetics principles; and in the right circumstances it could solve some of the pressing housing problems of today (this housing crisis Fuller predicted back in 1927). Fuller was a tinkerer and made many small tools both to explain his principles and to perform useful tasks. All of his patented inventions can be found in his book ``Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller.'' His second most esteemed invention is ``tensegrity'' or tensional-integrity structures (See section ``Who was Kenneth Snelson and what was his role in the invention of tensegrities'' for Kenneth Snelson's role in this.). 4.1. What is a geodesic dome? [From Robert T. Bowers' paper on Domes which is archived on list GEODESIC.] ``A geodesic dome is a type of structure shaped like a piece of a sphere or a ball. This structure is comprised of a complex network of triangles that form a roughly spherical surface. The more complex the network of triangles, the more closely the dome approximates the shape of a true sphere [sic]. ``By using triangles of various sizes, a sphere can be symmetrically divided by thirty-one great circles. A great circle is the largest circle that can be drawn around a sphere, like the lines of latitude around the earth, or the equator. Each of these lines divide the sphere into two halves, hence the term geodesic, which is from the Latin meaning ``earth dividing.'' 4.1.1. Do domes really weigh less then their component materials? [From Pat Salsbury] Well, the structures weigh less when completed because of the air-mass inside the dome. When it's heated warmer than the outside air, it has a net lifting effect (like a hot-air balloon). This is almost unnoticeable in smaller structures, like houses, but, as with other things about geodesics, being as they're based upon spheres, the effect increases geometrically with size. So you'd be able to notice it in a sports stadium, and a sphere more than a half mile in diameter would be able to float in the air with only a 1 degree F difference in temperature! 4.1.2. What are some features of underground, concrete domes? [From Randy Burns. See ``Dome References'' for more on Britz.] Underground, concrete domes are rather interesting 1) They can use chemical sealing and landscaping to avoid leakage problems associated with wooden domes. 2) They are extremely strong. Britz has obtained extremely low insurance rates on his structures. The insurance company tested one building by driving a D8 Caterpillar tractor on top of the house! 3) There's little hassle involved in dealing with materials that were really standardized for use building boxes. The only specialized tools are the forms, everything else can easily be used off the shelf. 4) They can be quite aesthetic. Britz has shown that you can build developments where the houses can't really see each other. 5) They are cheap and easy to heat, cheap enough that you can build a much larger structure than you might using conventional housing and use standard room divider technology to split the thing up into room. 4.1.3. What are geotangent domes? [Keyed in by Patrick G. Salsbury.] The following is quoted from ``Scientific American'' in the September 1989 issue. (Pages 102-104) Surpassing the Buck (Geometry decrees a new dome) ``I started with the universe--as an organization of energy systems of which all our experiences and possible experiences are only local instances. I could have ended up with a pair of flying slippers.'' -R. Buckminster Fuller Buckminster Fuller never did design a pair of flying slippers. Yet he became famous for an invention that seemed almost magical: the geodesic dome, an assemblage of triangular trusses that grows stronger as it grows larger. Some dispute that Fuller originated the geodesic dome; in /Science a la Mode,/ physicist and author Tony Rothman argues that the Carl Zeiss Optical Company built and patented the first geodesic dome in Germany during the 1920's. Nevertheless, in the wake of Fuller's 1954 patent, thousands of domes sprung up as homes and civic centers--even as caps on oil-storage tanks. Moreover, in a spirit that Fuller would have heartily applauded, hundreds of inventors have tinkered with dome designs, looking for improved versions. Now one has found a way to design a completely different sort of dome. In May, J. Craig Yacoe, a retired engineer, won patent number 4,825,602 for a ``geotangent dome,'' made up of pentagons and hexagons, that promises to be more versatile that its geodesic predecessor. Since Fuller's dome is based on a sphere, cutting it anywhere but precisely along its equator means that the triangles at the bottom will tilt inward or outward. In contrast, Yacoe's dome, which has a circular base, follows the curve of an ellipsoid. Builders can consequently pick the dimensions they need, Yacoe Says. And his design ensures that the polygons at the base of his dome always meet the ground at right angles, making it easier to build than a geodesic dome. He hopes these features will prove a winning combination. Although Fuller predicted that a million domes would be built by the mid-1980's, the number is closer to 50,000. Domes are nonetheless still going up in surprising places. A 265-foot-wide geodesic dome is part of a new pavilion at Walt Disney World's Epcot Center in Florida. A bright blue 360-foot-high dome houses a shopping center in downtown Ankara, Turkey. Stockholm, Sweden, boasts a 280-foot-high dome enclosing a new civic center. Dome design is governed by some basic principles. A sphere can be covered with precisely 20 equilateral triangles; for a geodesic dome, those triangles are carved into smaller ones of different sizes. But to cover a sphere or ellipsoid with various sizes of pentagons and hexagons required another technique, Yacoe says. Yacoe eventually realized that he could build a dome of polygonal panels guided by the principle that one point on each side of every panel had to be tangent to (or touch) an imaginary circumscribed dome. With the assistance of William E. Davis, a retired mathematician, he set out to describe the problem mathematically. They began with a ring of at least six congruent pentagons wrapped around the equator of an imaginary ellipse. The task: find the lengths of the sides and the interior angles of the polygons that form the next ring. To do so for an ellipsoidal dome, they imagined inscribing an ellipse inside each polygon. Each ellipse touched another at one point; at these points, the sides of the polygons would also be tangent to a circumscribed ellipsoid. But where, precisely, should the points be located? Yacoe and Davis guessed, then plugged the numbers into equations that describe ellipses and intersecting planes. Aided by a personal computer, they methodically tested many guesses until the equations balanced. Using the tangent points, Yacoe and Davis could then calculate the dimensions and interior angles of the corresponding polygons and so build the next ring of the dome. After receiving the patent, Yacoe promptly set up a consulting firm to license his patents. He says dome-home builders have shown considerable interest, as has Spitz, Inc., a maker of planetariums located near Yacoe in Chadds Ford, Pa. Yacoe has also proposed that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration consider a geotangent structure as part of a space station. -E.C. 4.1.4. What are the advangates (and disadvantages) of Dome Life? asemon@esu.edu (Alan Semon) writes: >I was once interested in the idea of living in a geodesic dome home and, >to the best of my recollection, these are some of the advantages: > >1. Heating and cooling the home become more efficient due to the fact >that there are fewer (even no) corners where heat may be trapped. The >overall air flow in a dome is substantially better than in a >conventionally constructed home (straight walls and such). > ...and there is less surface area per square foot of living space = less heat loss. >2. Many dome home designs allow the option of using larger lumber for >the dome. 2x6's or 2x8's instead of the usual 2x4's, although this is >an option in ANY home, it seems to be more commonly done in dome home >construction. > Although for many areas of the US, there is no financial advantage to using 2x6 construction. A dome with R-14 throughout can outperform a well insulated conventional house of comparable S/F. >3. For those solar minded people, the placement of the solar collectors >on the ``roof'' is less critical due to the curved nature of the top of >the structure. > >4. The inherent strength of the dome makes it suitable for either >earth-bermed or even earth covered construction techniques. In the case >of more common construction techniques, the structural members' >dimensions usually need to be completely reworked in order to carry the >extra weight. > >5. Hell, they _LOOK_ pretty neat! This might be a problem in certain >areas which one of those laws which say that all homes in an area _MUST_ >conform to certain guidelines concerning their architecture (bummer, >huh? :-)). -jg 4.1.5. How to use solar panels in domes? [Kerri Brochard] [From Tom Dosemagen] I have a dome and tried to find solar panels to be installed on the dome. I had no luck finding such a beast so I installed 320 square feet of panels on the ground close to the dome and ran all connections under ground into the basement. I live in south central Wisconsin and my experience with solar is not the greatest. My system works fine, but in order for the system to work the sun has to shine. That doesn't happen alot here until late February or early March. My advice to people in our part of country is to take the money you were going to spend on solar and invest it. Then take your interest money and pay for conventional heat. My dome is 44 feet in diameter and with a 90% efficient furnace and my total heating bill for one season is right around $350.00. My exterior walls are framed with 2x6's. With thicker dome walls I'm sure that I could lower my heating costs by quite a bit. ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 18 Jul 1994 00:04:27 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ (Part 3 of 5) The R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ Christopher J. Fearnley, cfearnl@cpp.pha.pa.us v.1.0, 12 July 1994 This is the Frequently Asked Questions and Answers (FAQ) Resource on R. Buckminster Fuller. It is based primarily on the history of the discussions, interests, and needs of the readers of the BITNET list GEODESIC and it's USENET gateway bit.listserv.geodesic. So some of the information could be in error (especially addresses and phone numbers). The FAQ is maintained by Chris Fearnley (fearnlcj@duvm.ocs.drexel.edu). Please send all errors and suggestions to me. The FAQ is released (generally with modifications) on the 12th of each month (to celebrate Bucky's monthly birth anniver- sary -- He was born 12 July 1895). Some citations are in brackets before the text, others follow it. Most material is directly quoted from the logs (with minor editing to correct typos, a bit of stream- lining, etc,.). SO BEWARE OF OUTDATED INFORMATION. Please follow-up with discussion and questions to bit.listserv.geodesic or to the mail- ing list geodesic@ubvm (see section ``List GEODESIC'' for subscription details). Table of Contents 1. Introductory 2. Synergetics 2.1. What is ``synergy?'' 2.2. What is Fuller's definition of ``Universe?'' 2.3. What is the ``Isotropic Vector Matrix'' (IVM)? 2.3.1. I wondered if hexagonal closest packing forms an IVM? Also, is a diamond cubic structure the same as an IVM? [Steve Mather] 2.4. What is the ``vector equilibrium'' (VE)? 2.5. What is the jitterbug? 2.6. What is Fuller's concept of ``space?'' 2.7. What is a ``system?'' 2.8. What is the ``minimal system?'' 2.9. What is the ``omnidirectional halo?'' 2.10. Does synergetics provide an extension or modification of the ``scientific method?'' 2.11. Are there connections between synergetics and fullerenes (besides the name, of course)? 2.12. Why use synergetics' conversion factors and other irra- tionals? 2.13. What is ``precession?'' 2.14. What is the equation for finding the volume of a pyra- mid? [Steve Mather] 3. Fuller's Ideas about Human Society: Critical Path 3.1. What is the Design Science Revolution? 3.1.1. When will the Design Science Revolution begin? 3.2. What is the ``cosmic accounting system?'' --- Fuller's Economics. 3.3. What is the World Game? 3.3.1. What is the World Game Institute? 3.3.2. What are the World Game Institutes ``games'' like? 3.3.3. What is Global Data Manager (GDM)? 3.3.4. Does the World Game offer any solutions to the World Hunger Problem? 3.4. What were Fuller's views on religion and God? 3.4.1. How did Bucky's ``Ever Rethinking the Lord's Prayer'' go? 3.5. What is the Global Energy Grid idea? 3.6. What is a ``trimtab?'' 3.7. Was Bucky a socialist? 3.8. What were Fuller's views on Education? 3.9. What is the difference between ``Class I'' and ``Class II'' evolution? 3.10. How to house humanity? And other reflections on Making the World work. 4. Geodesic Domes and other Inventions 4.1. What is a geodesic dome? 4.1.1. Do domes really weigh less then their component materi- als? 4.1.2. What are some features of underground, concrete domes? 4.1.3. What are geotangent domes? 4.1.4. What are the advangates (and disadvantages) of Dome Life? 4.1.5. How to use solar panels in domes? [Kerri Brochard] 4.1.6. Dome References [Oldest material first] 4.2. Dome Math: What you've all been waiting for!!! 4.2.1. Dome Theory 4.2.2. What are the basics of Spherical Trigonometry? 4.2.3. How to tesselate a sphere? 4.2.4. Chord Factors - the nitty gritty. 4.3. What is a tensegrity model? 4.3.1. How to Build Tensegrities? 4.3.2. Who was Kenneth Snelson and what was his role in the invention of tensegrities? 4.4. What are ``cloud nines?'' 4.5. What is ``dymaxion?'' 4.6. What was the ``Dymaxion Car?'' 4.7. What is a ``fog gun?'' 4.8. What was Fuller's ``floating city?'' 4.9. What was the Old Man's River 4.10. What was the Dymaxion Deployment Unit? 4.11. What is the Dymaxion Map? 4.11.1. Details about the Dymaxion Map. 4.12. What was the Dymaxion House? 5. Miscellany 5.1. What are ``fullerenes'' and ``buckyballs?'' 5.1.1. What are some of the properties of the fullerenes? 5.1.2. What are ``buckytubes?'' 5.1.3. What are ``endohedral fullerenes?'' 5.2. What is Biosphere II? 5.3. Was Fuller formally educated? 5.4. Will there be a 1995 commemorative stamp marking Bucky's 100th birthday? 5.5. Bibliography: Culled from many postings 5.6. Organizations and Corporations mentioned on GEODESIC (incomplete and dated) [Mostly dome-type manufacturers.] 5.7. Computer tools (may or may not be useful to dome design or synergetics' modelling). 5.8. Fuller's ``failures.'' 5.9. Where would you encourage your best friend to start in the Fuller literature? (For maximum ease of mastery) [Jeff Perth] 5.10. Quotes and Coinages. 5.11. Bucky: humanitarian or cold-hearted technocrat --- The value of a man? 5.12. What was the nature of Fuller's involvement with Werner Erhardt, EST and the World Hunger Project? [Lance Fletcher] 5.13. What were relations like between Fuller and his Stu- dents? 5.14. What is GENESIS II? 5.15. Could Fuller's proposed Very Large Structures work? 6. Net Resources 6.1. Buckminsterfullerenes Update Service and Fullerene Bibli- ography 6.2. List GEODESIC: GEODESIC@UBVM.BITNET 6.3. FIX (Fuller Information eXchange) BBS 6.4. WWW (World Wide Web) sources 4.1.6. Dome References [Oldest material first] [From Garnet MacPhee in NOV 1989.] There is a national association. National Association of Dome Home Manufacturers 2506 Gross Point Road Evanston, Illinois 60201 [From Alex Soojung-Kim Pang] The two Domebooks -- Domebook, and Domebook Two -- were published in the early 1970s and are now out of print. They were written in much the same fashion as the Whole Earth Catalog, with readers sending in descriptions of their experiences and problems with domes, and the book's staff arranging the pieces, working in photographs and line drawings, etc. They are still often available in libraries, or though university interlibrary-loan. The full citation is: Lloyd Kahn, et al. Domebook (One). Los Gatos: Pacific Domes, 1970. Lloyd Kahn, et al. Domebook Two. Bolinas, CA: Pacific, 1971. (Distributed by Random House) There was also a book edited by John Prenis (or Prentis, maybe) called The Dome Builders Handbook (Philadelphia: Running Dog Press, ca. 1975). There were two editions of this, as well. Lloyd Kahn has published three other books that contain information on dome-building: Shelter (which described a wide variety of self-built homes from all over the world), Shelter II (ISBN 0-394-50219), and a pamphlet called Refried Domes (Bolinas: Shelter Publications, 1990) (ISBN 0-936070-10-2). The latter contains the chord factors and angles for 8-frequency domes (critical information, and unavailable anywhere else as far as I can tell), suggestions about construction, and some second thoughts about domes as permanent shelter. If these books are not in your bookstore, you can order them directly from Shelter Publications Home Book Service P.O. Box 279 Bolinas, CA 94924 If you're interested in learning something about the history of domes in the counterculture, look up Charles Jencks and William Chaitkin, Architecture Today (New York: Harry Abrams, 1982). The magazine Futurist has also published a couple articles on domes in the last couple years. Another book to look for Steve Baer, ``Dome Cookbook'' (Lama Publications, 1968); as I recall, it has tables for computing strut lengths and some useful information about dome construction. [Posted Dec 1991 by Randy Burns] Another alternative is concrete, earth sheltered domes. These aren't necessarily geodesic structures. Still, they may well be closer to nearing widespread commercial use than most geodesic structures. Three Companies involved in this: Utopia Designs, Eugene OR (founded by Norm Waterbury) These are definitely oriented to the do-it-yourselfer. They specialize in selling forms and blueprints for domes build using inflatable forms. EarthShips, Eugene, OR This company was founded by Richard Britz, author of the Edible City Resource Manual. They specialize in turnkey structures and are more oriented towards larger developments. Britz does _wonderful_ architectural drawings. Monolithic Structures, Idaho and Stockton CA These folks are primarily involved in building _large_ structures, mainly industrial buildings and grain silo's. [More concrete companies from Russell Miller. 1994] The following three companies deal with concrete shell domes, some of which are geodesic, but none of which are specifically ``Earth Sheltered.'' American Ingenuity inc. 40' dia kit: $13,058 8777 Holiday Springs Road Video = $8 Rockledge, Fl Address current as of: 1994-05 32955-5805 407-639-8777 407-639-8778 (fax) Key Dome Engineering inc. Plans only P.O. Box 430253 Info pack = $5 South Miami, FL Address current as of: 1989 33143 Monolithic Constructors inc. 40' dia dome kit: $2300 1 Dome Park Place Video available P.O. Box 479 Address current as of: 1994-02 Italy, TX 76651-0479 214-483-7454 214-483-6662 (fax) [From Barbara Sansing.] DOME (ISSN 1041-1607) Published quarterly by: Hoflin Publishing Ltd. 4401 Zephyr Street Wheat Ridge, Colorado 80033-3299 Tel. 800-352-5678 Fax 303-422-7000 Build Your Own Geodesic Model: A.G.S. Products 2111 SW 31 Avenue Pembroke Park, FL 33009 $24.95 plus $3.75 shipping [From Alex Soojung-Kim Pang, 25 Feb 1992] Timberline Geodesics in Berkeley they have a toll-free number which I don't remember but which is in the 800 directory (800-555-1212). Their address is 2015 Blake Street, Berkeley CA 94704-2688 A technically useful book is Edward Popko, Geodesics (Detroit: U. Detroit press, 1968). It has lots of photographs, plans for domes made from a whole host of materials, different assembly methods, etc.. [From Tom Dosemagen, on 17 Mar 1992] For those of you looking for dome construction methods I would suggest contacting Dennis Johnson at Natural Spaces (1-800-733-7107, inquire about their All About Domes book) located in North Branch Minnesota. His phone number is (612) 674-4292. Dennis has developed two different hub and strut systems for constructing domes. The address is 37955 Bridge Rd. North Branch, MN 55056. [4 Oct 1993 post says:] The address for Natural Spaces is Route #3, North Branch, MN 55056. [From Alex Soojung-Kim Pang, 25 Feb 1992] Gene Hopster, How to Design and Build Your Dome Home (Tucson: HP Books, 1981) Edward M. Duke, A Study of the Geodesic Dome Applied to Housing (Exchange Bibliography \379) (Monticello: Council of Planning Librarians, 1973) John Fontanetta, Building a Solar-Heated Geodesic Greenhouse (Charlotte, VT: Garden Way, 1979) [From Gary Lawrence Murphy and Chris McRae] Hugh Kenner's "Geodesic Math and How to Use It" Berkeley : University of California Press, c1976. xi, 172 p. : ill. ; 22 cm. (ISBN 0-520-02924-0) This is an excellent book for the hobbyist model builder, but also shows geometric derivations for a number of approaches to carving up the surface of a sphere into the smallest practical number of different shaped parts, which is the key matter in dome fabrication. The book also discusses tensegrity designs, although I believe Hugh has since release a volume devoted to tensegrity. For those without calculators :-), the appendix of the book lists the dome-vertex values for many practical frequencies in the basic polyhedral forms. [From Gary Lawrence Murphy, 11 Sep 1992 (Ed.: merged with Garnet MacPhee's post and Robert Holder's)] Dome Creations Las Vegas, NV The Big Outdoors People 26600 Fallbrook Ave. Wyoming Industrial Park Wyoming, MN 55092 612-462-1011 Cathedralite Domes 820 Bay Ave, Suite 302 Capitola, CA 95010 408-0462-2210 Daystar Shelter Corporation 22675 Cedar Drive NW Bethel, MN 55005 Domes America, Inc. 6 S. 771 Western Ave Clarendon Hills, IL 60514 800-323-5548 Maybe it's this 1991 address: 6345 West Joliet Road Countryside, Illinois 60525-3908 Domes and Homes, Inc. PO Box 365 Brielle, NJ 08730 215-825-8290 Dome Home Systems, Inc. Route 2, Box 247A Reedsburg, WI 53959 608-524-4555 Free Space Geodesics 7094 N. Harrison Ave, Suite 165 Pinedale, CA 93650 209-431-8670 Geodesic Domes, Inc. 10290 Davison Rd. Davison, MI 313-653-2383 Geodesic Domes & Homes P.O. Box 575 Whitehouse, TX 75791 Geodesic Homes Mfg & Sales P.O. Box 1675 Bailey, CO 80421 Hexadome P.O. Box 2351 La Mesa, CA 92041 Key Dome Engineering, Inc. P.O. Box 430253 Miami, FL 33143 Monolithic Constructors, Inc. 1 Dome Park Place P.O. Box 479 Italy, TX 76651 Oregon Dome Inc. 3215 Meadow Lane Eugene, Oregon 97402 [ukcc.uky.edu with initials -jg gives an 800 number:] Oregon Dome was extremely helpful to us. (800) 572-8943. Polydome 3020 North Park Way San Diego, CA 92104 714-574-1400 Marshall Brasil and Scott Sims Synapse Domes PO Box 554 Lander, WY 82520 307-332-5773, -4117 Timberline Geodesics 2015 Blake St. Berkeley, CA 94704 415-849-4481 [From Matthew Clark, 28 Apr 1993.] Enchanted West, Inc. manufactures lightweight, precision-molded, fiberglass panels for building geodesic domes. Contact us at mclark@scf.nmsu.edu for more information. [From Carey W. Mason, 22 Sep 1993.] Here's my source for engineering advice, plans, and parts: Geodesic Domes Attn:Roundhouse PO Box 183 Eustis, Fl 32726 [From Ross Keatinge, 2 Oct 1993] I know of two dome manufacturers in Australia: `The Dome Company' at `Tapitallee' near Nowra NSW. They make house and garden domes 5, 7 and 10 metre diameter. I think they also produce them in kitsets so they may be able to help with hubs etc. The contact is: Rob Lusher Phone (044) 460452 The Dome Company PO Box 3043 Nth Nowra NSW 2541 Tapitallee is a rainforest retreat centre who run seminars on alterna- tive technologies etc as well as personal growth type stuff. I gather some of their buildings are domes. I'm thinking of spending some time there. The other is: Bretcod Geodesic Domes 27 Allawah Street Blacktown NSW Phone (02) 621-7952 He makes all sorts of domes. Since his business is selling completely built domes I'm not sure how helpful he would be. 4.2. Dome Math: What you've all been waiting for!!! 4.2.1. Dome Theory [From Kirby Urner.] The edges of a geodesic dome are *not* all the same length. The angstrom measurements between neighboring carbon atoms in a fullerene are likewise not equal. Domes come in three Classes (I, II and III). The classification system has to do with laying an equilateral triangle down on a grid of smaller equilateral triangles, lining up corners with corners -- either aligning the triangle with the grid (I), turning it 90 degrees to bisect grid triangles (II), or rotating it discretely to have it cut skewly across the grid (III). 20 of these triangles make an icosahedron which is then placed within a circumscribing sphere. The vertexes of the triangles' internal points, defined by the grid pattern, define radii with the circumscribing sphere's center. By pushing each vertex further out along the segments so defined, until each is made equidistant from the center, an omnitriangulated geodesic sphere is formed (orthonormal projection I think cartographers call this). Again, resulting surface edge lengths are not all the same length. The resulting mesh will always contain 12 sets of 5 triangles organized into pentagons, the rest into hexagons. The Class I version of the algorithm above always creates 20F^2 surface facets where F=1 gives the icosahedron itself. The external point population will be 10F^2+2. Since points plus facets = edges plus 2 (Euler), you will get 30F^2 edges. F is what Fuller called the Frequency of the geodesic sphere and, in the Class I case, corresponds to the number of grid intervals along any one of the 20 triangle edges. Note: ``buckyballs'' in the sense of ``fullerenes'' are not omni- triangulated (the edges internal to the 12 pentagons and n hexagons have been removed) and come in infinitely more varieties than the above algorithm allows. The above algorithm is limited to generating point groups with icosahedral symmetry -- a minority of the fullerenes are symmetrical in this way, although C60, the most prevalent, is a derivative of the Class I structure. [From Ben Williams] Andrew Norris writes: >1/ Given a dodecahedron with the edges of length unity, what is > the radius of the sphere that would enclose this body? > >2/ For the above case, construct each pentagon out of triangles. > What are the angles required so that new center-node of the > pentagon just touches the enclosing sphere? This is just a 2 frequency (what-is-referred-to-in-Domebook II-as) triacon geodesic sphere. Funny you should mention that: Back in June when I first discovered this newsgroup, I got reinterested in my old hobby of building mathematical models (and R B Fuller as well). So I went through the laborious process of calculating the strut lengths to build a 2v triacon sphere (what you just described above) out of toothpicks. I have it hanging up over my monitor right now. I wish I could show how I used geometry and such to figure all the necessary lengths out. What I do is start out with a drawing of a dodecahedron projected onto a plane -- if it is oriented correctly, you will get a 2-d figure that you can use to deduce the information you want from it. (To get this figure, think of a dodecahedron made out of struts (such as toothpicks) standing on one of its edges on a sheet of paper out in the sun with the sun directly overhead. The shadow on the paper will be this figure.) These are the lengths I derived E = length of edge of dodecahedron Distance of edge of dodecahedron from center: Er = ( (3 + sqrt(5))/4 ) * E 1/2 distance between non-adjacent vertices of face of dodecahedron: b = ( (sqrt(5)+1)/4 ) * E given a face of dodecahedron, distance between vertex and opposite edge: h = ( ( sqrt(5 + 2*sqrt(5)) ) / 2 ) * E distance from center of dodecahedron to one of its vertices (your question 1): R = sqrt((9 + 3*sqrt(5))/8) * E given a face of dodecahedron, distance from its center to an edge: l = b/h * Er distance from center of face of dodecahedron to center of dodecahe- dron: m = Er/h * Er given face of dodecahedron, distance from center to vertex: t = h-l length of one of those struts going from a vertex of dodecahedron up to point above center of face but on the enclosing sphere: S = sqrt(t^2 + (R-m)^2) Now, to derive the angles of one of those triangles whose side lengths I have just determined, you would need to do this: A1 = 2 * arcsin ((E/2)/S) This is the angle of the top corners of the 5 triangles which are arched above one of the faces of the dodecahedron. My calculator gives me this angle in degrees: 67.66866319 Notice it is slightly less than the 72 degrees it would be if they were flat on the face of the dodecahedron. Now the other two angles of each of the triangles are simply derived via: A2 and A3 = (180 - A1) / 2 I get a value of 56.1656684 degrees for these two angles. 4.2.2. What are the basics of Spherical Trigonometry? On Sat, 18 Dec 1993 03:11:53 GMT said: >Hey all, > A while back I asked about calculating chord factors. I found the >equation that without which I don't think I could have done it (by the way I >was successful)-- it's a formula for calculating w/any spherical right >triangle. The formula is sin a = sin A * sin c. > A > / | > c / |b > / | > / | > B--a--C >I'm sure you're all familiar w/it, but is there any other equation that would >be just as helpful. This is by Napier's rules. Here is Napier's circle: c-c A-c B-c b a where -c means the complement (or 90 degrees - (minus) the arclength measure). A, B are angles, C is the right angle and a, b, c are the sides opposite A, B, and C, respectively. There are two rules: Rule 1: The sine of any unknown part is equal to the product of the cosines of the two known opposite parts. Or sin = cos * cos of the OPPOSITE parts. Rule 2: The sine of any unknown part is equal to the product of the tangents of its two known adjacent parts. Or sin = tan * tan of the ADJACENT parts. Your formula is the same because ``c-c''=90-c and sin(90-c)=cos(c). Examples: sin(b)=tan(A-c)tan(a) or sin(b)=cos(c-c)cos(B-c). > > Steve Mather Chris Fearnley 4.2.3. How to tesselate a sphere? [From an old comp.graphics FAQ, posted by Christopher McRae 14 Apr 1993.] One simple way is to do recursive subdivision into triangles. The base of the recursion is an octahedron, and then each level divides each triangle into four smaller ones. Jon Leech leech@cs.unc.edu has posted a nice routine called sphere.c that generates the coordinates. It's available for FTP on ftp.ee.lbl.gov and weedeater.math.yale.edu. 4.2.4. Chord Factors - the nitty gritty. First choose a tesselation of the sphere (icosa, octa, tetra, elliptical or really just about anything. Second use geometry and spherical trig to determine the surface arclengths for the specific tesselation. Third observe that in any circle a central angle cuts off an arc with the same exact measure. Next, calculate the chord factors: cf = 2sin(theta/2), where theta is the central angle. Finally, multiply each chord factor by the radius of your dome. Several dome books use the term ``alternate'' to refer to Class I domes (actually it seems Joe Clinton in his paper on domes has determined several methods for class I subdivisions - his method I is the ``alternate'' form). The other popular subdivisioning scheme is based on the rhombic triacontrahedron and is called ``triacon.'' [From Steve Mather] Hey all, I have some questions to ask about the trigonometry behind geodesic domes. Remarkably, I've understood what I've encountered so far, and am well on my way to calculating the the chord factors for a 5v icosa alternate (Why? when I can look it up in a book? Well, I figured I'd prove to myself I can.) I've been able to find those along the direct projection from the icosahedron (are 0.198147431 w/central angle of 11.3716678 degrees, 0.231597598 w/central angle of 13.29940137, and 0.245346417 w/central angle of 14.09281254 accurate beginnings for the outside? [A big thanks to Steve for calculating and typing in all this for us!!! I'm not certain about the results, but he did such a careful job that I suspect they are correct. I'm sure someone will check this more carefully. Please let me know of any problems.] The letters begin at the bottom of the horizontal edges to the triangle, from ``a'' to whatever letter (depending upon the frequency --``a'' is the very bottom, as well as the sides.) The numbers are the chord factors. The way I calculated my factors was like this: I took the frequency (f) and divided the degree of the central angle of that frequency. I then multiplied this number times the number of rows down the row of lines are (check figure.) I took the sine of this number and multiplied it times the sine of the face angle (the angle between the great circles) to find the sine of half of the angle across the row (whew-- is this making any sense? =) I then multiply this angle times two and divide by the number of rows down (check second sentence and figure.) This gives me the angle of the geodesic I want. I then take these numbers and divide by two, take the sine and multiply by two, to find the chord factor. These chord factors are multiplied times the radius to get their lengths. Here are the equations used: f= frequency n= number of rows A= face angle All numbers are in degrees 2 sin^-1((sin((63.43494885/f)*n))*sinA)) (the extra ")" shouldn't be there. sorry, my computer's acting up, and for some reason I can't delete it.) That was the equation for getting the geodesic. The chord factors are done from those by the following equation: Angle= v 2sin (v/2) 2v icosa: b= 0.6257378602 a= 0.5465330581 3v: c= 0.4240625600 b= 0.4038282455 a= 0.3669588162 4v: d= 0.3212440714 c= 0.3128689301 b= 0.2980880630 a= 0.2759044843 5v: e= 0.2581842991 d= 0.2539357295 c= 0.2465769121 b= 0.2357285878 a= 0.2209776479 6v: f= 0.2156929803 e= 0.2132468999 d= 0.2090569265 c= 0.2029619174 b= 0.1947619676 a= 0.1842631079 7v: g= 0.1851588097 f= 0.1836232302 e= 0.1810112024 d= 0.1772461840 c= 0.1722282186 b= 0.1658460763 a= 0.1579992952 8v: h= 0.1621725970 g= 0.1611459677 f= 0.1594077788 e= 0.1569181915 d= 0.1536238835 c= 0.1494619675 b= 0.1443671359 a= 0.1382831736 9v: i= 0.1442501297 h= 0.1435301153 g= 0.1423149814 f= 0.1405824320 e= 0.1383022055 d= 0.1354375402 c= 0.1319478012 b= 0.1277927679 a= 0.1229389715 10v: j= 0.1298874025 i= 0.1293630412 h= 0.1284801673 g= 0.1272255402 f= 0.1255810391 e= 0.1235242767 d= 0.1210296754 c= 0.1180702193 b= 0.1146200925 a= 0.1106583339 11v: k= 0.1181213623 j= 0.1177276963 i= 0.1170660293 h= 0.1161281074 g= 0.1149025743 f= 0.1133752524 e= 0.1115296266 d= 0.1093476232 c= 0.1068107860 b= 0.1039019434 a= 0.1006074045 12v l= 0.1083071374 k= 0.1080040870 j= 0.1074954030 i= 0.1067757281 h= 0.1058376643 g= 0.1046719125 f= 0.1032675068 e= 0.1016121871 d= 0.09969296006 c= 0.09749689909 b= 0.09501222476 a= 0.09222967293 13v m= 0.09999681431 l= 0.09975856278 k= 0.09935906240 j= 0.09879471539 i= 0.09806054042 h= 0.09715024635 g= 0.09605635362 f= 0.09477038423 e= 0.09328314541 d= 0.09158513461 c= 0.08966709201 b= 0.08752071743 a= 0.08513955025 14v n= 0.09286965560 m= 0.09267896531 l= 0.09235948034 k= 0.09190871293 j= 0.09132321201 i= 0.09059860431 h= 0.08972966070 g= 0.08871039868 f= 0.08753423341 e= 0.08619419334 d= 0.08468321460 c= 0.08299452818 b= 0.08112214654 a= 0.07906144555 15v o= 0.08668999531 n= 0.08653500116 m= 0.08627549580 l= 0.08590971508 k= 0.08543520816 j= 0.08484886148 i= 0.08414693683 h= 0.08332512917 g= 0.08237865120 f= 0.08130235310 e= 0.07955142649 d= 0.07873891823 c= 0.07724141051 b= 0.07559395328 a= 0.07379316114 Octahedron geodesics: alternate only 2v: b= 1.0000000000 (exact) a= 0.7653668647 3v: c= 0.7071067812 b= 0.6471948470 a= 0.5176380902 4v: d= 0.5411961001 c= 0.5176380902 b= 0.4701651493 a= 0.3901806440 5v: e= 0.4370160244 d= 0.4253582426 c= 0.4032283118 b= 0.3667034258 a= 0.3128689301 6v: f= 0.3360254038 e= 0.3594040993 d= 0.3472963553 c= 0.3280400675 b= 0.2996195680 a= 0.2610523844 7v: g= 0.3146921227 f= 0.3105694162 e= 0.3032077023 d= 0.2918376001 c= 0.2754043542 b= 0.2528648441 a= 0.2239289522 I hope I typed those all in right. 4.3. What is a tensegrity model? ``The word 'tensegrity' is an invention: a contraction of 'tensional integrity.' [From ``Synergetics,'' [700.011]] ``Tensegrity describes a structural-relationship principle in which structural shape is guaranteed by the finitely closed, comprehensively continuous, tensional behaviors of the system and not by the discontinuous and exclusively local compressional member behaviors. Tensegrity provides the ability to yield increasingly without ultimately breaking or coming asunder.'' [From Kirby Urner] Tensegrity structures employ tension primarily and compression secondarily. In pure tensegrity, compression members (i.e. metal rods) do not touch one another but provide rigidity within a network of tensed cables. Not only domes, but towers (and many sculptures) have successfully employed tensegrity principles. For Fuller, tensegrities manifested his philosophy: that nature uses tension primarily and compression secondarily (whereas humans often misguidedly do the reverse). Although he developed geodesic structures for the Marine Corps and Strategic Air Command, none of these were ``tensegrities'' exactly. Tensegritoy, available from most museum giftshops and teacher supply catalogs, admirably teaches about tensegrity. 4.3.1. How to Build Tensegrities? [From Daryl Bunce] To me, one of the best tools for help with building Tensegrity systems was/is ``An Introduction to Tensegrity'' by Anthony Pugh, LOC: TA658.2 P85x, copyright 1976, University of California Press, ISDN: 0-520-02996-8 (cloth/hard) or 0-520-03055-9 (paper), 121pp. I suggest reading the first few pages of Appendix A then running out and purchasing some .75" dowel (see below) then start on page 1. For struts: dowel (wooden rods) 3 feet long (standard US size), with a diameter = .75 inches. Cut with a fine-toothed saw into 9 inch lengths. Repeat until happy with amount (you'll need more, eventually). Take some 18-gauge wire brads (those nails with virtually no head), about an inch to 1.5 inches long and blunt the points. Warning: Use of steel nails, pins, etc. can be dangerous. Pound two nails into each strut end, with a wide gap between them and at least .5 inches protruding from the wood: _________________________________ // / -------o STRUT (yeah, right) / -------o two brads, repeat for other end // _______________________________// Repeat procedure for all ends of struts. Using rubber bands (inches, or to model some Tensegrities. BTW: If there were only one brad at each end, the rubber bands have more of a tendency to slip off. If your rubber bands are still slipping off, stretch one from one end to the other of the same strut before modeling. When you are ready to incorporate this strut, unhook this band, slide a band from the other strut onto a brad on this strut, and hook the original band back on over the new one. (Follow that?) >>> Most of the above was summarized from Mr. Pugh's book in one way or another <<< [From chris@COGNET.UCLA.EDU] There is a company called Plastruct which makes little plastic components for building various sorts of models. They are located in the City of Industry (I think (greater L.A. area)), California. Any good hobby or architectural supply shop in your area should have a catalog. I warn you, however, that their models are somewhat limited and the plastic tubes used for struts tend to split. There is also a company in England somewhere which actually owns the design upon which the Plastruct models are based. The components they make are somewhat larger, I believe, and perhaps of higher quality. If anyone is really interested in more details, I can dig up the names and numbers for you. In general, a good resource for this kind of information is the ``Thomas Register of American Manufacturers,'' which can be found in many large libraries. [From Michael Justice, 23 Mar 1992] Real Goods sells something called a ``tensegritoy,'' which looks kinda cute. To quote from their latest micro-catalog: EXPLORE ARCHITECTURE BUCKY FULLER STYLE Tensegritoy is an ingenious new construction puzzle that provides fun and intellectual challenge for children over ten. Based on R. Buckminster Fuller's ideas of tensegrity (tension and integrity) over 100 intriguing shapes can be built. The structures can bounce, roll, or seemingly float in the air. With the colorful components you can construct a basic four-sided figure, a helix or a geodesic dome, or explore architecture and the arrangement of DNA! The 32-page illustrated instruction booklet provides lots of how-to ideas. This is truly an affordable learning experience. 90-412 TENSEGRITOY . . . . $29 Real Goods is a yuppie ``alternative energy / environmental / what- ever-we- can-make-a-buck-on'' :-) mail-order house. 1-800-762-7325 for orders. [From Patrick G. Salsbury] Well, Tensegrity Systems, Inc., manufactures the Tensegritoy (tm) and I've seen models built from combined sets that are a meter or more in diameter. [From Jim Flanagan] I have found that the cheapest/easiest method for making tensegrity struts is to buy thousands of bamboo skewers, chop off the pointy bits, and bind two (or more, depending on the tension in the model) together with rubber bands thus: ==x=============================x== then take another rubber band insert it between the two sticks at one end, then with half a turn drag it down to the other end and hook it in there. One completed strut. With practice one person can make a good deal of these in an evening. A hint for keeping the structure together while building is to use another band to keep a connection firm (sometimes a connection will slip. Spectacular explosions attest to the amount of tension is held in one of these structures...). ~~ // ==x=============================x=x= // // // ~~ If you use tan colored bands and tan sticks the aesthetic is better in my opinion. If you twist the bands more than once (but an odd number) you get more tension (which is necessary for higher freq. structures). [From Mitch Amiano] Resources: Check out a good boating supply shop. They make use of a number of tensile materials and fasteners. Tension members: Boating supply shops carry in bulk what might cost you $$$ to get pre-cut: rope, cables, and that elastic cloth cordage (like the kind used in the Tensegritoy). The elastic cord cost about $ 13 for a 50 foot roll. Tough Tension members: Nylon coated steel cable, 3/32 inch, with crimpable aluminum cable sleeves. Use the sleeves to make loops in the cable ends. Cable can be accurately measured by looping around two nails set in a block of wood and pulled tight. Sleeves can be crimped on one at a time. The nylon coating makes it less likely to have wire splinters, and makes for a neater finish. Taking up slack: Tiny turnbuckles. expensive at >50 cents a pop. Jim Flanagan's idea to increase the tension of the rubber bands by twisting them will work here, too. You just won't be able to twist up very much. Many forms of strain relief hardware can also be used to give springiness to inflexible cables. Compression members: Aluminum or brass tubing, 3/8 inch diameter. Aluminum costs about $1 a foot, while brass is about twice as expensive. Neither is hard to cut, given a midget pipe cutter, about $5. Fastening members together: A hollow tube may be plugged with a variety of screw anchors, both metal and plastic. Then a small bolt or screw stock can be securely mounted. Some washers are all thats needed to complete the connection if you chose to use bolts. For screw stock, you also need nuts, and can use round-ended cromed nuts for a finer finishing. For both, cable or rope loops can simply be looped on. Make sure the loop is smaller than the washer, or it might slip. 4.3.2. Who was Kenneth Snelson and what was his role in the invention of tensegrities? Fuller began writing, speaking and thinking about coexistent tension and compression in the 1920's - see his first book ``4D Time Lock.'' He complained of having no good model to explain these principles. Then Snelson attended several of Fuller's lectures at Black Mountain College in the summer of 1948. In the winter of 1948 Snelson built the first tensegrity structure consisting of two ``X''-shaped figures one suspended above the other in a sea of tension. He showed Fuller this model in the summer of 1949. After this initial contact both men developed the concept of tensegrity in unique and independent ways. Snelson designed large magnificent tensegrity sculptures while Fuller built large tensegrity spheres to demonstrate his synergetics (at that time he called it Energetic Geometry). Both Fuller and Snelson patented their structures. I think the quote below shows that both Fuller and Snelson acknowledged each other's contribution. Probably given Fuller's disdain for footnotes and other forms of formal citations, he occasionally implied more credit than is his due. However, it seems to me that he documented Snelson's contribution sufficiently. Claims that Fuller stole Snelson's work are unsubstantiated. Also, claims by some of Fuller's admirers that Snelson stole from Fuller, ignore the breakthrough in design that Snelson contributed. [From ``Kenneth Snelson, an Exhibition'' organized by Douglas G. Schultz; essay by H.N. Fox, p.23] ``In a letter from Fuller to Snelson dated December 22, 1949, Fuller states, 'In all my public lectures I tell of your original demonstration of discontinuous-pressure- (com-pressure) and continuous tension structural advantage; - in which right makes light [?] in a prototype structure, - the ready reproduction of which properly incorporated in fundamental structures, may advance the spontaneous good will and understanding of mankind by many centuries. The event was one of those 'it happens' events, but demonstrates how the important events happen where the atmosphere is most favorable. If you had demonstrated this structure to an art audience it would not have rung the bell it rang in me, who had been seeking this structure in Energetic Geometry. That you were excited by the later E.G. [Energetic Geometry], into spontaneous articulation of the solution, also demonstrates the importance of good faith of colleagues of this frontier. The name Kenneth Snelson will come to be known as a true pioneer of the realized good life and good will...' '' 4.4. What are ``cloud nines?'' [``Cloud nines'' are floating geodesic spheres. The following extract from a paper posted to GEODESIC by Robert T. Bowers explains the idea.] ``When considering a geodesic sphere, the weight of the sphere is a function of the surface of the sphere. The amount the sphere is lifted by warm air is a function of the volume of the sphere. In mathematical terms, weight is a function of the radius squared, while volume is a function of the radius cubed. This is very significant. Even as the radius of a sphere increases, thus increasing the sphere's weight, the lift of the sphere increases more. If you image a sphere that could grow larger, as the sphere gained a little weight, it would gain much lift. ``Buckminster Fuller proposed that as spheres of great size are considered, the amount of air enclosed grows huge compared to the weight of the sphere. Of a sphere with a radius of 1320 feet, the weight of the enclosed air is 1000 times greater than the weight of the sphere's structure. If that volume of air was heated only one degree, the sphere would begin to float! ``Of course, domes of even greater sizes would be required if that sphere were to carry any additional weight. But it is not inconceivable that floating geodesic spheres could carry aloft entire communities. Perhaps the concept of a floating dome of one half a mile diameter is too much for most people to seriously consider. Regardless, it does demonstrate the scope of projects that are made possible with geodesic domes.'' -Robert T. Bowers Fuller quote from ``I Seem To Be A Verb'' Came across this small description which I thought might interest some people who haven't seen it before ... Geodesic spheres larger than half-a-mile in diameter can be floated in the air, like clouds. Draped with polyethylene curtains -- to retard night-time air intake -- the spheres would be light enough to remain aloft, at preferred altitudes. ``Cloud nines'' one mile in diameter could house thousands of people, whose weight would be negligible. Passengers could pass from ``cloud'' to ``cloud,'' or from ``cloud'' to ground, as the ``clouds'' float around the Earth or are anchored to mountain tops. The ``clouds'' could become food factories by impounding sunlight.'' -- David Paschall-Zimbel ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 18 Jul 1994 00:05:42 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ (Part 4 of 5) The R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ Christopher J. Fearnley, cfearnl@cpp.pha.pa.us v.1.0, 12 July 1994 This is the Frequently Asked Questions and Answers (FAQ) Resource on R. Buckminster Fuller. It is based primarily on the history of the discussions, interests, and needs of the readers of the BITNET list GEODESIC and it's USENET gateway bit.listserv.geodesic. So some of the information could be in error (especially addresses and phone numbers). The FAQ is maintained by Chris Fearnley (fearnlcj@drexel.ocs.drexel.edu). Please send all errors and suggestions to me. The FAQ is released (generally with modifications) on the 12th of each month (to celebrate Bucky's monthly birth anniver- sary -- He was born 12 July 1895). Some citations are in brackets before the text, others follow it. Most material is directly quoted from the logs (with minor editing to correct typos, a bit of stream- lining, etc,.). SO BEWARE OF OUTDATED INFORMATION. Please follow-up with discussion and questions to bit.listserv.geodesic or to the mail- ing list geodesic@ubvm (see section ``List GEODESIC'' for subscription details). Table of Contents 1. Introductory 2. Synergetics 2.1. What is ``synergy?'' 2.2. What is Fuller's definition of ``Universe?'' 2.3. What is the ``Isotropic Vector Matrix'' (IVM)? 2.3.1. I wondered if hexagonal closest packing forms an IVM? Also, is a diamond cubic structure the same as an IVM? [Steve Mather] 2.4. What is the ``vector equilibrium'' (VE)? 2.5. What is the jitterbug? 2.6. What is Fuller's concept of ``space?'' 2.7. What is a ``system?'' 2.8. What is the ``minimal system?'' 2.9. What is the ``omnidirectional halo?'' 2.10. Does synergetics provide an extension or modification of the ``scientific method?'' 2.11. Are there connections between synergetics and fullerenes (besides the name, of course)? 2.12. Why use synergetics' conversion factors and other irra- tionals? 2.13. What is ``precession?'' 2.14. What is the equation for finding the volume of a pyra- mid? [Steve Mather] 3. Fuller's Ideas about Human Society: Critical Path 3.1. What is the Design Science Revolution? 3.1.1. When will the Design Science Revolution begin? 3.2. What is the ``cosmic accounting system?'' --- Fuller's Economics. 3.3. What is the World Game? 3.3.1. What is the World Game Institute? 3.3.2. What are the World Game Institutes ``games'' like? 3.3.3. What is Global Data Manager (GDM)? 3.3.4. Does the World Game offer any solutions to the World Hunger Problem? 3.4. What were Fuller's views on religion and God? 3.4.1. How did Bucky's ``Ever Rethinking the Lord's Prayer'' go? 3.5. What is the Global Energy Grid idea? 3.6. What is a ``trimtab?'' 3.7. Was Bucky a socialist? 3.8. What were Fuller's views on Education? 3.9. What is the difference between ``Class I'' and ``Class II'' evolution? 3.10. How to house humanity? And other reflections on Making the World work. 4. Geodesic Domes and other Inventions 4.1. What is a geodesic dome? 4.1.1. Do domes really weigh less then their component materi- als? 4.1.2. What are some features of underground, concrete domes? 4.1.3. What are geotangent domes? 4.1.4. What are the advangates (and disadvantages) of Dome Life? 4.1.5. How to use solar panels in domes? [Kerri Brochard] 4.1.6. Dome References [Oldest material first] 4.2. Dome Math: What you've all been waiting for!!! 4.2.1. Dome Theory 4.2.2. What are the basics of Spherical Trigonometry? 4.2.3. How to tesselate a sphere? 4.2.4. Chord Factors - the nitty gritty. 4.3. What is a tensegrity model? 4.3.1. How to Build Tensegrities? 4.3.2. Who was Kenneth Snelson and what was his role in the invention of tensegrities? 4.4. What are ``cloud nines?'' 4.5. What is ``dymaxion?'' 4.6. What was the ``Dymaxion Car?'' 4.7. What is a ``fog gun?'' 4.8. What was Fuller's ``floating city?'' 4.9. What was the Old Man's River 4.10. What was the Dymaxion Deployment Unit? 4.11. What is the Dymaxion Map? 4.11.1. Details about the Dymaxion Map. 4.12. What was the Dymaxion House? 5. Miscellany 5.1. What are ``fullerenes'' and ``buckyballs?'' 5.1.1. What are some of the properties of the fullerenes? 5.1.2. What are ``buckytubes?'' 5.1.3. What are ``endohedral fullerenes?'' 5.2. What is Biosphere II? 5.3. Was Fuller formally educated? 5.4. Will there be a 1995 commemorative stamp marking Bucky's 100th birthday? 5.5. Bibliography: Culled from many postings 5.6. Organizations and Corporations mentioned on GEODESIC (incomplete and dated) [Mostly dome-type manufacturers.] 5.7. Computer tools (may or may not be useful to dome design or synergetics' modelling). 5.8. Fuller's ``failures.'' 5.9. Where would you encourage your best friend to start in the Fuller literature? (For maximum ease of mastery) [Jeff Perth] 5.10. Quotes and Coinages. 5.11. Bucky: humanitarian or cold-hearted technocrat --- The value of a man? 5.12. What was the nature of Fuller's involvement with Werner Erhardt, EST and the World Hunger Project? [Lance Fletcher] 5.13. What were relations like between Fuller and his Stu- dents? 5.14. What is GENESIS II? 5.15. Could Fuller's proposed Very Large Structures work? 6. Net Resources 6.1. Buckminsterfullerenes Update Service and Fullerene Bibli- ography 6.2. List GEODESIC: GEODESIC@UBVM.BITNET 6.3. FIX (Fuller Information eXchange) BBS 6.4. WWW (World Wide Web) sources 4.5. What is ``dymaxion?'' ``Dymaxion'' is a name coined by a friend [Ed. an advertising man actually] of Bucky's which is a contraction of the words ``DYnamic'' (or DYnamism, depending on your sources), ``MAXimum,'' and ``ION;'' three words that he noticed Bucky used often in his speech when describing things. Dymaxion, and also 4-D (4th Dimension) became trademarks of Bucky's and were frequently used on his products: -The Dymaxion 4-D House -The Dymaxion Car -The Dymaxion Deployment Unit (war-relief housing) -The Dymaxion Dwelling Machine (An improvement on the Dymaxion 4-D House) - Patrick G. Salsbury 4.6. What was the ``Dymaxion Car?'' ``The Dymaxion Car was a teardrop-shaped (least air resistance), 3-wheeled, rear-wheel (single) steering, 21 foot long, Aluminum bodied auto, designed by Bucky to achieve maximum output and service with minimum material input. It was about 6 feet tall (Kinda like a big van), seated the driver and 10 passengers, weighed less than 1000 lbs., went 120 miles/hr on a 90 horsepower engine, and got between 30-50 miles to the gallon of gas! (Depending on your sources, again.) ``It was eventually supposed to be developed into a flying vehicle, held aloft on ``jet-stilts'' (downward facing thrusters of some sort) so as to make all of ``Spaceship Earth'' accessible to humans and make it so they could have a house ANYWHERE (on top of a mountain, in a desert, etc. [his Dymaxion Houses were self-sustaining, and didn't need to be tied into powersewer/water lines]/) and still get around to go to work or whatnot. But only the car portion of the ``Dymaxion Omnidirectional Human Transport'' (Flying car) was developed, because at the time of development (1933-4), Jet technology was either non- existent, or not capable of the task.'' - Patrick G. Salsbury There is a Dymaxion car in the William F. Harrah Automobile Museum in Reno, NV. Very strange-looking vehicle indeed, and I was surprised to find out that it was from the 1930's. -Dan Howell dhowell.escp8@xerox.com 4.7. What is a ``fog gun?'' The ``fog gun'' was an invention Bucky developed as a water saving alternative to the wastefulness of showers. While Bucky was in the navy, he noted that, while standing on the deck of a ship, in the spray and mist of the sea, nothing seems to stay on your skin for very long. Not even grease. He reasoned that it must have something to do with the abrasive action of the tiny water droplets, so he developed a device that atomized the water (like a perfume bottle with the little bulb that you squeeze to get perfume mist) and ejected it at high speed. He dubbed this the ``fog gun'' and found that it worked very well for cleaning a person off without soap (I'm not sure how he did hair, though) and without wasting a lot of water. (The ``gun'' could clean a family of four with *1 PINT* of water!) -Pat Salsbury 4.8. What was Fuller's ``floating city?'' Around 1967, Bucky Fuller was put in charge of the Triton project for the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) (You know, one of the current gov't departments under investigation for all sorts of scandals! ;^) ) Triton was a concept for an anchored floating city that would be located just offshore and connected with bridges and such to the mainland. It was a collection of tetrahedronal structures with apartments and such. The model looked very interesting! You can see some photos of the model in ``The Artifacts of Buckminster Fuller,'' along with technical drawings of just about everything else he ever designed! :) -Pat Salsbury [Typed in by Charles Nicoll] Reprinted from "Critical Path," (1981, St Martin's Press) by Buckminster Fuller, p. 332. ``In the early 1960s I was commissioned by a Japanese patron to design one of my tetrahedronal floating cities for Tokyo Bay. ``Three-quarters of our planet Earth is covered with water, most of which may float organic cities. ``Floating cities pay no rent to landlords. They are situated on the water, which they desalinate and recirculate in many useful and nonpolluting ways. They are ships with all an ocean ship's technical autonomy, but they are also ships that will always be anchored. They don't have to go anywhere. Their shape and its human-life accommodations are not compromised, as must be the shape of the living quarters of ships whose hull shapes are constructed so that they may slip, fishlike, at high speed through the water and high seas with maximum economy. ``Floating cities are designed with the most buoyantly stable conformation of deep-sea bell-buoys. Their omni-surface-terraced, slop-faced, tetrahedronal structuring is employed to avoid the lethal threat of precipitous falls by humans from vertically sheer high- rising buildings. ``The tetrahedron has the most surface with the least volume of all polyhedra. As such, it provides the most possible 'outside' living. Its sloping external surface is adequate for all its occupants to enjoy their own private, outside, tiered-terracing, garden homes. These are most economically serviced from the common, omni-nearest- possible center of volume of all polyhedra. ``All the mechanical organics of a floating city are situated low in its hull for maximum stability. All the shopping centers and other communal service facilities are inside the structure; tennis courts and other athletic facilities are on the top deck. When suitable, the floating cities are equipped with 'alongside' or interiorly lagooned marinas for the safe mooring of the sail- and powerboats of the floating-city occupants. When moored in protected waters, the floating cities may be connected to the land by bridgeways. ``In 1966 my Japanese patron died, and the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development commissioned me to carry out full design and economic analysis of the floating tetrahedronal city for potential U.S.A use. With my associates I completed the design and study as well as a scaled-down model. The studies showed that the fabricating and operating costs were such that a floating city could sustain a high standard of living, yet be economically occupiable at a rental so low as to be just above that rated as the 'poverty' level by HUD authorities. The secretary of HUD sent the drawings, engineering studies, and economic analysis to the Secretary of the Navy, who ordered the Navy's Bureau of Ships to analyze the project for its 'water-worthiness,' stability, and organic capability. The Bureau of Ships verified all our calculations and found the design to be practical and 'water-worthy.' The Secretary of the Navy then sent the project to the US Navy's Bureau of Yards and Docks, where its fabrication and assembly procedures and cost were analyzed on a basis of the 'floating city' being built in a shipyard as are aircraft carriers and other vessels. The cost analysis of the Navy Department came out within 10 percent of our cost - which bore out its occupiability at rental just above the poverty class. ``At this point the city of Baltimore became interested in acquiring the first such floating city for anchorage just offshore in Chesapeake Bay, adjacent to Baltimore's waterfront. At this time President Lyndon Johnson's Democratic party went out of power. President Johnson took the model with him and installed it in his LBJ Texas library. The city of Baltimore's politicians went out of favor with the Nixon administration, and the whole project languished. The city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and other cities of the U.S.A are interested in the possibility of acquiring such floating cities. Chances of one being inaugurated are now improving. ``In relation to such floating cities it is to be noted that they are completely designed under one authority, and when they become obsolete, they are scrapped and melted and the materials go into subsequent production of a greatly advanced model whose improvements are based on earlier experiences as well as the general interim advances of all technology. ``There are three types of floating cities: There is one for protected harbor waters, one for semiprotected waters, and one for unprotected deep-sea installations. The deep-sea type is supported by submarine pontoons positioned under the turbulence, with their centers of buoyancy 100 feet below the ocean's surface. Structural columns rise from the submarine pontoons outwardly through the water to support the floating city high above the crests of the greatest waves, which thus pass innocuously below the city's lowest flooring, as rivers flow under great bridges. The deap-sea, deeply pontooned floating cities will be as motionless in respect to our planet as are islanded or land-based cities. ``There are also deep-sea spherical and cylindrical geodesic floating cities whose hulls are positioned entirely below the ocean surface turbulence. Only their vertical entrance towers penetrate outwardly through the disturbed surface waters. The occupants of submarine cities with their vertical towers penetrating outwardly above water can be serviced by helicopters landing on the tower-top platforms. Such pontooned or hulled submarine cities also can provide safe mid- ocean docking for atomic-powered cargo- and passenger-carrying submarine transports. With their submarine hulls locked together below the turbulence, a safe passageway can be opened between them. ``Even in mild weather docking cannot be done on the open water surface of the ocean. Even the mildest 'old-sea' or ground swells would roll any two ocean ships' great tonnages into disastrous hull- smashing clashes. Relative mass attraction is proportional to the product of the masses of the interchanges. When any two oceangoing steel vessels come within 'critical proximity,' their interattraction is fourfolded every time the distance between them is halved. This chain-attraction- increasing force pulls them sideways toward one another, ultimately to touch and chew up one another's skins - that is, unless one is maneuvered in time backward or forward away from the other. Land harbors are essential for surface docking or inter-tie-up of ships of any size. There are relatively few big-ship harbors in the world. This fact, and the world-around scarcity of such good harbors as Athens' Piraeus, France's Cherbourg, Italy's Venice, the U.S.A's New York, or Tokyo's Yokohama, have greatly affected the geographical patterning of world history. The new ability to transfer cargoes at sea could completely alter world economic balances and could bring ships once more into economic competition with airplanes. The recent decades' development of seventy-knot submerged speed of the great atomic submarines, complemented by floating cities, could herald the beginning of a new era of subsurface oceanic traffic. ``In due time small cruising yachts also will be able to sail or power around the world in safe, one-day runs from one protected floating city's harbor to the next.'' [From Jim Fiegenschue, 12 Oct 1993] If you are interested in studying and solving some of the practical problems of floating habitations (such as anchoring, survival of storms, etc.) you might contact Sten Sjostrand, the architect who designed The Saigon Floating Hotel. The first and to my knowledge still the only floating resort hotel in the world, it was built in Singapore for about $22 million in 1987-8 US dollars. Another $5.5 million of furniture and accessories were added, plus a $2.5 million special anchor system, so this is a serious professional project. The 7-story hotel has 200 guest rooms, a lavish lobby, a swimming pool(!), a tennis court, a night club, a sauna, a gymnasium, small shops, several restaurants, two cocktail bars, a library, fully equipped conference rooms, post office, sewage treatment plants, facilities for mooring sail boats and yachts, an underwater observatory, and a marine laboratory. Originally opened for business as the Four Seasons Barrier Reef Resort in 1988 over the Australian Great Barrier Reef, it was a big draw for scuba divers. All waste- disposal machinery is sealed off completely to protect the environment. It is currently owned by the Japanese company EIE, who operate it offshore Saigon. You can possibly reach Sten Sjostrand through the Atlantis Project, which is currently raising funds to build a floating city/nation to be called Oceania. Their newsletter, called Chain Breaker, is located at 4132 S. Rainbow Blvd, Suite 387; Las Vegas, Nevada 89103. Phone: 702 897-8418. [From Bill Kovarik] There's a book called ``Engineers Dreams'' which depicts a floating city as a mid-Atlantic airport plan from the 1940s. Sometime in the 1970s the University of Hawaii designed a floating city, and you can get the book on interlibrary loan. I know the Virginia Tech architecture school library has it, if you can't find it anywhere else. Both the airport and the Hawaii ideas dealt with structural engineering problems primarily. There are important reasons to consider floating cities as resources for the not too distant future, I believe. A very important need is for factories for processing renewable energy resources which would be too expensive or too ecologically disruptive to collect on land. Of course, the most problematic aspect of renewable energy is its dispersed nature. It must be collected and concentrated, and the process of doing that can raise costs to a non- competitive level with fossil energy. For many decades, biochemical engineers have looked to marine biomass resources as being possible to cultivate in enormous quantities without creating ecological disruptions. As early as 1918 the Pasteur Institute was engaged in the study of renewable liquid fuels like methyl and ethyl alcohol from kelp. They were able to produce about 10 gallons of fuel alcohol per ton using an acid hydrolysis method. This is very old technology; better methods are available today. In the late 1970s and early 80s tremendous new attention focused on renewable resources, and marine biomass was the subject of a good deal of study. One of the most important was the Marine Biomass Energy Conversion Technology Research Committee of the Japan Ocean Industries Association. In one study they found that a 50 kg / m2 per year was the average productivity of both Sargassum and Laminaria type kelp. I don't know if they investigated the various energy production scenarios or what their final figures are, but you could probably find out pretty quickly. If we converted kelp to renewable liquid energy at the rate of 10 gallons per ton, what do we get? Lets assume one ton (1,000 kg) is grown on 20 square meters and produces 10 gallons. To make a million gallons we need an area of 200 square kilometers. To make a billion gallons would take a 2,000 square mile area, and to replace just the gasoline used in the U.S. (100 billion gallons a year) with alcohol from marine biomass would take a 40,000 square kilometer area -- around the size of Ireland and Cuba. Of course, more efficient processes and enhanced production could decrease the necessary size, but there would be little problem finding space in the ocean for an extra 40,000 kilometers somewhere. You would hope that the final cost of this liquid fuel was within a tolerable range, lets say $1.20 (US prices) to $5.00 per gallon (European fuel prices). OK, what about the waste products. When the kelp is hydrolized we get this goopy green leftover glop -- some of it could go to other chemical processes and some could be returned to the sea, along with treated sewage from the city, to fertilize the kelp beds for future harvests. How do you support the rest of the city? Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) for electricity and fish farming and hydroponics for food, other light manufacturing, some mining of deep sea minerals -- those are possibilities. What is impossible to make at sea? Probably heavy industrial processes, such as steel mills, aluminum refining, textiles, etc. Who would live there? Given the need for dignified employment in many developing nations, I would think that you could find millions of people willing to become ``kelpers.'' If developing nations would divert financial resources out of the petroleum sector and into sustainable development, it could vastly raise the standard of living of some of the poorest people on earth and solve a large portion of the environmental crisis at the same time. You can see (squint hard, now) some of the visions of Huxley or Fuller or even Dwayne Andreas in play here, and we can see the outline of a real solution to the world energy / environmental crisis in the development of floating cities that produce renewable energy and food. [From Steve Mather] One possibility in ``floating cities'' that I recently came across is the ``Mining'' Magnesium. Allegedly it can be obtained from sea water. Volvo developed a car back in the eighties (unfortunately they only developed it, it never went into production) that was made of a significant amounts of magnesium for its weight and because it avoided damaging mining practices. It's called the Volvo LCP 2000. Allegedly it gets anywhere from 56 to 81 (tops, 100) mpg, and, being a diesel, will run on nearly anything. For more info write Bob Austin of Volvo of America Corporation, Rockleigh, New Jersey, 07647; or call (201) 768-7300. 4.9. City Project (circular cities)? What was the Old Man's River This was Fuller's design science approach to solving the housing crisis in East St. Louis. Here are some excerpts from BF's CRITICAL PATH: ``For eminently mobile man, cities have become obsolete in terms of yesterday's functions - warehousing both new and formerly manufactured goods and housing immigrant factory workers... ``Old Man's River City, undertaken for East St. Louis, Illinois takes its name from the song first sung by Paul Robeson fifty years ago, which dramatized the life of Afro-American blacks who lived along the south-of-St. louis banks of the Mississippi River... ``I originally came to East St. Louis to discuss the design and possible realization of the Old Man River's City, having been asked to do so by East St. Louis community leaders themselves... It is moon- crater-shaped: the crater's truncated cone top opening is a half-mile in diameter, rim-to-rim, while the truncated mountain itself is a mile in diameter at its base ring. The city has a one-mile-diameter geodesic, quarter-sphere transparent umbrella mounted high above it to permit full, all-around viewing below the umbrella's bottom perimeter. The top of the dome roof is 1000 feet high. The bottom rim of the umbrella dome is 500 feet above the surrounding terrain, while the crater-top esplanade, looks 250 feet radially inward from the unbrella's bottom, is at the same 500-foot height. From the esplanade the truncated mountain cone slopes downwardly, inward and outward, to ground level 500 feet below. ``The moon crater's inward and outward, exterior-surface slopes each consist of fifty terraces - the terrace floors are tiered vertically ten feet above or below one another. All the inwardly, downwardly sloping sides of the moon crater's terraced cone are used for communal life; its outward-sloping, tree-planted terraces are entirely for private life dwelling.'' If you want all the details see CRITICAL PATH pages 315-323. [C. Fearnley] [From Alex Soojung-Kim Pang.] The Old Man River project never got off the drawing boards. It was mainly the work of Washington University architecture prof James Fitzgibbon. He had a long relationship with Fuller, extending back to the early 1950s. Fitzgibbon had designed a domed city to be built on Frobisher Bay in Canada in 1956, and Old Man River was an extension and expansion of that earlier plan. It was also designed to address problems that architects, planners, and policy-makers considered central in the late 1960s and early 1970s, viz. racial segregation, urban decay, and economic growth in the inner cities. Old Man River would have provided housing and services for several thousand families in the most depressed section of St. Louis. It would have been built and managed by a non-profit corporation, and taken something like 20 years to complete; in Fitzgibbon's evocative phrase, it would have been not only good housing, but a ``job machine,'' a huge project creating new industries in the area by virtue of its immensity. Fuller claimed that it would be the incubator of a new classless, raceless society. However, it never got anything close to the $1 billion required to build it, and the St. Louis municipal government never seemed to have taken it seriously. [See section ``Fuller's `failures.''' for more commentary on this project.] 4.10. What was the Dymaxion Deployment Unit? [From Jay Rozen.] Alden Hatch, in his "At Home in the Universe," describes BF's "Dymaxion Deployment Unit" (DDU), a circular structure which BF intended as cheap civilian housing. From 1940 to Pearl Harbor, they were manufactured for Allied troops and sent all over the world. [From Pat Salsbury] For more pictures of the D.D.U., or the other stuff Bucky worked on, check "The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller." For blueprints such, (not necessarily in a size that is legible all the time! ;) ) try "The Artifacts of Buckminster Fuller" 4.11. What is the Dymaxion Map? The Dymaxion Map is Fuller's attempt to provide the best all-at-once view (therefore flat and not globe-shaped) of the Whole Earth. His solution is based on projecting the globe onto an icosahedron and then unfolding the icosa (making it flat). His design was awarded U.S. Patent 2,393,676 in 1946. 4.11.1. Details about the Dymaxion Map. Over my recent X-mas break from school, I had the opportunity to visit the semi-new St. Louis Science Center. Among many interesting and some not-so interesting displays there was a dymaxion globe with magnetic panels holding the map sections to it's surface. It was a great puzzle to take them all off and assemble them flat on the surface provided. The display briefly noted that it was called a dymaxion map, and didn't mention Bucky at all. There is also an hourly(?) laser show on a huge (three-story tall) dymaxion map. Again no mention of Bucky. But it is exposure. Christopher L. Weeks [From Sarah Lum] [The] world map interface, which many of us feel is replete with desirable futuristic connotations, not to mention real advantages. minimal distortion including in high latitudes no sinus cuts into land masses apolitically polar-centric hardwired in the literature to civilian deployment strategies on a scale that would arm-chair military masterminds feel right @ home World Game sells its Global Recall software which shows data on the map -- the deflated, unfolded, orthonormal, omnitriangulated icosaspheric projection. DISCLAIMER: I am not in any way connected or affiliated with the World Game Institute. This is not to be construed as a sales pitch by a party with a direct or even indirect financial interest in success of World Game, Inc. 4.12. What was the Dymaxion House? [From Kirby Urner] The Dymaxion House prototype, for instance, was more octagonal, suspended from a central ``utility mast'' -- a house on a pole. 5. Miscellany 5.1. What are ``fullerenes'' and ``buckyballs?'' SCIENCE magazine voted buckminsterfullerene ``Molecule of the Year'' in 1991. [From Kenneth J. Fair.] The exciting part of the discovery of C60 molecules is that they are only the third naturally occurring form of carbon to be found (graphite and diamond of course being the first two). C60 was first isolated from graphite (I think) in 1985. As Paul Houle writes, C60 is formed in the shape of a geodesic sphere (like the panels of a soccer ball), hence the name ``buckminster- fullerene'' or ``buckyballs'' for short. Each carbon has three sp2 hybrid orbitals and the fourth electron of each carbon resides in a delocalized pi orbital that ranges over the entire ball (like benzene). The physical appearance of C60 is very much similar to graphite, as are some of its physical properties. C60, unlike graphite, can be dissolved in benzene to form a translucent amber solution. Other developments of buckyballs: 1) Radicalization - Besides just the pure C60 form, researchers at Rice have added hydrogen molecules to the carbon junctures to form molecules such as C60H36. Also, work is progressing on making C60 radical groupings (similar to benzene -> phenol). 2) Property measurement - Although many of the properties of C60 are known, most of the properties of its compounds are still hazy. 3) Higher molecules - Other stable forms with greater numbers of carbons have been isolated as well, including C70, C72, and a couple of others I can't remember. All of these have geodesic shapes as classified by Buckminster Fuller and look like lopsided versions of the normal C60 molecule. 4) Ionization - One can trap metallic ions such as Fe++ and Mg++ in the cage of the C60 to make the molecule act as a very large ion. 5) Superconductivity - As far as I know, the 18K Tc for C60 is the correct figure. This of course is much lower than high-temperature superconductors, but this fact may be used in some way at a later date. Kenneth J. Fair [From Blaine A. D'Amico.] I promised a citation for the best Fullerene book to date. It is titled "Fullerene C60; History, physics, Nanobiology, Nanotechnology." North Holland Press by Djuro Koruga, Stuart Hameroff, James Withers, Raoulf Loutfy, and Malur Sundareshan. The first chapter explores Fuller and Synergetics and the entire book is consistent with Fuller's Cosmography. Take a look. 5.1.1. What are some of the properties of the fullerenes? [From Kirby Urner.] Buckminsterfullerene (C60) is becoming ever easier to get in quantity and shows many interesting optical properties. It stops light -- the brighter the light the more effectively it stops it. Nano and pico- second laser pulses are effectively and instantly opaqued by small quantities of C60. Putting it in goggles or welders' masks is a definite possibility (Patterson AFB in Ohio is studying such applications). Many other optical properties of the fullerenes are under study and a whole conference on the topic is coming up (in San Diego I think). However, C60 remains forty times more expensive than gold. As Smalley put it ``it's the yield, stupid'' -- i.e. the central issue facing fullerene researchers, in Smalley's opinion, is how to get more of it. The Smalley team approach of using parabolic mirrors to sun-generate fullerenes (to produce ``sunnyballs'') appears to be a potentially promising approach. Concentrated sunlight has less of the damaging frequencies in high-powered lasers that apparently to inhibit fullerene formation from vaporized carbon). 5.1.2. What are ``buckytubes?'' Richard Smalley of Rice University believes these may hold promise in building an elevator to space as first proposed by Arthur C. Clarke in ``Fountains of Paradise.'' Bucky tubes may be tensionally stronger than diamond. [From "Buckymania" in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction - typed in by Bruce Sterling.] ``Carbon-fiber is a high-tech construction material which has been seeing a lot of use lately in tennis rackets, bicycles, and high- performance aircraft. It's already the strongest fiber known. This makes the discovery of ``buckytubes'' even more striking. A buckytube is carbon-fiber with a difference: it's a buckyball extruded into a long continuous cylinder comprised of one single superstrong molecule.'' 5.1.3. What are ``endohedral fullerenes?'' [From Kirby Urner.] Fullerenes with atoms or clusters of atoms inside, the so-called ``endohedral fullerenes,'' are presently extremely difficult to isolate in quantity and their properties are as yet poorly understood (no one yet knows, for example, if crystals of same will superconduct, as does K3C60 -- potassium atoms in all the interstices in a C60 crystal packing). The suggested notation for endohedrals, by the way, is X@Cn, e.g. K@C60 (potassium atom inside C60). 5.2. What is Biosphere II? [Note this is not really Fuller related, but keeps coming up on the list. From Carl Dichter.] ``Biosphere I'' is the earth. Basically, a whole ecology that is encapsulated by the atmosphere and needs nothing except solar power to continue living ``forever.'' ``Biosphere II'' is an attempt by some scientists/entrepreneurs to model its behavior with (either 4 or 6, can't remember) people, plants, and animals in a metal and glass enclosure. The enclosure looks something like this from the side: _____ / \ _/ \_ / \ / \ ______ _______________________/ \_ / ^ / \ _ / \________/ \ / \ _/ \ / \ / \ \ / | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- It's made out of a triangular latticework of aluminum, with glass pan- els, not in a dome configuration: more like four-sided pyramids. Sup- posedly, each of these panels costs $20,000 to install, seal, and test. Inside of the ``sphere'' are little climate/life zones. These each have mini geological features, like an ``ocean,'' ``mountain,'' ``desert.'' These zone vary as much as possible considering they share the same air. They've planned the amount of each type of life form they can support. 5.3. Was Fuller formally educated? Regarding his honarary doctorates the "Basic Biography" (available from the Buckminster Fuller Institute) lists 40 such degrees in a comprehensive list ranging from Doctor of Design, Laws, fine arts, Engineering, humane letters, literature, humanities, and science. He was granted Professional licenses as an architect in New York (1974) and Ohio (1979). - Blaine A. D'Amico I remember reading in a biography (can't remember which) that Bucky made two false starts at college and didn't finish either time. - Bill Long 5.4. Will there be a 1995 commemorative stamp marking Bucky's 100th birthday? [From BFI Trimtab Bulletin VOL 7 NO 4] Thomas Zung is working on it. Send letters supporting this idea to The Citizen's Stamp Advisory Committee c/o Norma Arroyo US Postal Service 475 L'Enfant Plaza SW Washington DC 20260-6700 And send a copy of your letter to BFI for there files. 5.5. Bibliography: Culled from many postings [Culled from postings by Blaine D'Amico, Gary Lawrence Murphy, Jim Lutz, and this editor's research] BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS INCLUDING ORIGINAL MATERIAL BY R. BUCKMINSTER FULLER 4D time lock [by] Buckminster Fuller. Albuquerque, N.M., Lama Foundation [c1972] x, 148 p. illus. 27 cm. Published in 1930 under title: 4D. And It Came to Pass, Not to Stay -- New York : Macmillan, c1976. 157 p. ; 22 cm. Approaching the Benign Environment. / [by] R. Buckminster Fuller, Eric A. Walker [and] James R. Killian, Jr. Pref. by Taylor Littleton. [New York], Collier Books, [1970]. 160 p. 20 cm. Contents: Education for comprehensivity, by R. B. Fuller.--Engineers and the nation's future, by E. A. Walker.-- Toward a working partnership of the sciences and humanities, by J. R. Killian, Jr. (The Franklin lectures in the sciences and humanities, 1st ser.) The artifacts of R. Buckminster Fuller : a comprehensive collection of his designs and drawings / edited with descriptions by James Ward. -- New York: Garland, 1984. 4 v. : ill. ; 31 cm. Includes bibliographies. Contents: v. 1. The Dymaxion experiment, 1926-1943 -- v. 2. Dymaxion deployment, 1927-1946 -- v. 3. The geodesic revolution, part 1, 1947-1959 -- v. 4. The geodesic revolution, part 2, 1960-1983. [This is a huge collection of Fuller's technical papers, blueprints, etc. Its a tremendous resource. --- Alex Soojung-Kim Pang] Buckminster Fuller: An Autobiographical Monologue Scenario (St. Martin's Press, c1981.) Must reading for any Fuller student. Contains numerous stills from movies of Fuller. The Buckminster Fuller reader / edited and introduced by James Meller. London, Cape, 1970. 383 p., 16 plates. illus., facsim., map. 23 cm. Bibliography: p. 371-373. Critical Path. adjuvant Kiyoshi Kuromiya. -- New York : St. Martin's Press, c1981. xxxviii, 471 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Includes index. A complete scientific and sociological examination of human history, solutions to current problems of humanity and future trends for ``cosmic evolution.'' Cosmography: A Posthumous Scenario for the Future of Humanity. adjuvant: Kiyoshi Kuromiya. Macmillan Publishing Company, c1992. viii, 271 p. Includes index. (ISBN 0-02-541850-5). Design for the real world; human ecology and social change [by] Victor Papanek. With an introd. by R. Buckminster Fuller. [1st American ed.] New York, Pantheon Books [1972, c1971] xxviii, 339 p. illus. 21 cm. Bibliography: p. [311]-339. The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller [by] Robert Marks and R. Buckminster Fuller. Garden City, N.Y., Anchor Books, 1973 [c1960] 246 p. illus. 26 cm. ``Slightly revised Anchor Press edition.'' A pictorial and written retrospective of Fuller's work and thought. Earth, inc. [by] R. Buckminster Fuller. Garden City, N.Y., Anchor Press, 1973. 180 p. illus. 21 cm. Education Automation : Freeing the Scholar to return to his Studies, a discourse before the Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville Campus Planning Committee, April 22, 1961 / Foreword by Charles D. Tenney. Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press, [c1962]. 88 p. 22 cm. (Southern Illinois University occasional publication.) Fuller's diagnosis of and solution to the education crisis. Energy, Earth, and everyone : a global energy strategy for spaceship Earth / by Medard Gabel, with the World Game Workshop ; with a foreword by R. Buckminster Fuller, and an afterword by Stewart Brand. -- San Francisco : Straight Arrow Books ; [New York] : distributed by Simon and Schuster, c1975. 160 p. : ill. ; 20 x 29 cm. Cover title. Bibliography: p. 153. Expanded cinema. Youngblood, Gene / Introd. by R. Buckminster Fuller. [1st ed.]. New York, Dutton, 1970. 432 p. illus. (part col.), ports. 21 cm. (Dutton paperback original, D263.) Bibliography: p. 421-425. Generation of Narcissus. With an introd. by R. Buckminster Fuller. [1st ed.] Boston, Little, Brown [1971] xii, 266 p. 22 cm. Grunch of Giants. -- New York : St. Martin's Press, 1983. xxviii, 98 p. Includes index. Fuller's analysis of the international banking system where he advises the world that the current economic systems have been robbed by multinational corporate giants. GRUNCH = Gross Universal Cash Heist. Fascinating reading. Humans in Universe. Buckminster Fuller, Anwar Dil. -- 1st American ed. -- New York : Moutin, c1983. 235 p. : ill. ; 26 cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Conversations between Fuller and Indian Philosopher Anwar Dil. Ideas and integrities : a spontaneous autobiographical disclosure edited by Robert W. Marks. --1st Collier Books ed. -- New York : Collier Books, a division of Macmillan Pub. Co., 1969. 318 p., [32] p. of plates : ill., charts, ports. ; 20 cm. Includes index. Intuition. foreword by Norman Cousins. -- 2nd ed. -- San Luis Obispo, Calif. : Impact Publishers, 1983. 223 p. ; 21 cm. Blank verse describing humanity, mind, Universe and Synergy. Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller. -- 1st ed. -- New York : St. Martin's Press, c1983. xxxii, 316 p. : ill., plans, ports. ; 32 cm. Actual copies of Fuller's collected patents with historical and instructive notes by Fuller. Also contains Fuller's apologia mia vita in which Fuller describes his life strategy and discoveries. Inventory of World Resources: Human Trends and Needs. [1963-1965] Document 1: By R. Buckminster Fuller and John McHale [1963] Document 2: The Design Initiative by R. Buckminster Fuller [1964] Document 3: Comprehensive Thinking by R. Buckminster Fuller [1965] Document 4: The Ten Year Program by John McHale [1965] I Seem To Be A Verb, by Buckminster Fuller and Quentin Fiore. Mindstyles, lifestyles : a comprehensive overview of today's life-changing philosophies / by Nathaniel Lande ; introd., Hans Selye ; conclusion, R. Buckminster Fuller ; col. ill., Corita Kent. -- Los Angeles : Price/Stern/Sloan, c1976. 495 p. : ill.; 28 cm. Includes index. Bibliography: p. 492-494. Naga: cultural origins in Siam and the West Pacific / Sumet Jumsai ; with contributions by R. Buckminster Fuller. -- Singapore ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1988. xvi, 183 p., [16] p. of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 26 cm. Includes index. Bibliography: p. 179-181. Nine Chains to the Moon Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company [c1938] xvi, 405 p. illus., 2 fold. diagr. 24 cm. Maps on lining-papers. Reissued Carbondale, Ill., Southern Illinois University Press, [1963]. 375 p. illus. 22 cm. No more secondhand God; and other writings. Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press, [1963]. 163 p. illus. 22 cm. (Southern Illinois University occasional publication.) Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth. [New York] Simon and Schuster [1970, c1969] 143 p. 21 cm. (A Touchstone/Clarion book 20783) First paperback printing, 1970. Includes index. Fuller's seminal work regarding the relationship of humanity to the environment and planetary planning. World history takes on a new meaning and significance. A primer on Synergetics. A Question of Priorities, New Strategies for Our Urbanized World / [by] Edward Higbee. With an introd. by R. Buckminster Fuller. New York, Morrow, 1970. xxxiv, 214 p. 22 cm. Bibliography: p. [199]-203. R. Buckminster Fuller on Education. edited by Peter H. Wagschal and Robert D. Kahn. -- Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press, 1979. 192 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. [See Education Automation] A sculptor's world. [Noguchi, Isamu] / Foreword by R. Buckminster Fuller. [1st U.S. ed.]. New York, Harper \& Row, [1968]. 259 p. 268 illus. (part col.). 27 cm. Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking. [by] R. Buckminster Fuller in collaboration with E. J. Applewhite. Pref. and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb. New York, Macmillan [1975] xxxii, 876 p. illus. 24 cm. Bibliography: p. 875-876. Synergetics II: Further Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking These two books comprise the collected geometric modeling system developed and used by Fuller in the development of his explanation of the ``coordinate system of nature.'' Fuller claimed that Synergetics could be understood by a 5 year old. Synergetics Dictionary : the Mind of Buckminster Fuller : with an introduction and appendices / compiled and edited by E.J. Applewhite. -- New York : Garland, 1986. 4 v. ; 32 cm. Includes bibliographies. Synergetic Stew: Explorations in Dymaxion Dining. Philadelphia, Buckminster Fuller Institute, 1982. 118 p. Includes index. Tetrascroll: A Cosmic Fairy Tale: Goldilocks and the Three Bears. New York, St. Martin's Press [1975,1982] xxvii, 129 p. illus. Introduction by Amei Wallach. Wonderful tale of Goldilocks and the three bears in which Goldi learns General Systems Theory and Synergetic geometry through real world examples. This or else ... : a master plan for India's survival / by Dinshaw J. Dastur. -- Bombay : Jaico Pub. House, 1974. x [i.e. xvi], 184 p. ; 22 cm. Includes a foreword by R. Buckminster Fuller. Uncommon sense : the life and thought of Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972), father of general systems theory / [by] Mark Davidson ; foreword by R. Buckminster Fuller ; introduction by Kenneth E. Boulding. -- 1st ed. -- Los Angeles : J.P. Tarcher ; Boston : Distributed by Houghton Mifflin Co., c1983. 247 p. ; 25 cm. Bibliography: p. 229-236. Includes index. Untitled epic poem on the history of industrialization. Highlands [N.C], J. Williams, 1962. 227 p. 20 cm. (Jargon, 44.) Utopia or Oblivion: the Prospects for Humanity. With an introduction by Stephen Mullin. [London] Allen Lane The Penguin Press [c1970] 416 p. illus. 23 cm. Includes bibliography. BOOKS ABOUT R. BUCKMINSTER FULLER OR RELATING TO HIS WORK Aaseng, Nathan. More with Less : the Future World of Buckminster Fuller (Minneapolis : Lerner Publications, c1986.) Ninth grade reading level. Excellent introduction into Synergetics and Fuller's significance in general Applewhite, E. J. Cosmic fishing : an account of writing Synergetics with Buckminster Fuller. (New York : Macmillan, c1977.) xvi, 157 p. ; 25 cm. Applewhite, E. J. Paradise Mislaid : birth, death \& the human predicament of being biological / E.J. Applewhite. -- 1st ed. -- New York : St. Martin's Press, 1991. xii, 480 p. ; 25 cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. 439-458) and index. ``A Thomas Dunne book.'' Edmondson, Amy C. A Fuller explanation : the synergetic geometry of R. Buckminster Fuller / Amy C. Edmondson. -- Boston : Birkhauser, c1987. xx, 302 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. -- (Design science collection.) ``A Pro scientia viva title.'' Includes index. Bibliography: p. [287]. Fuller Superb, plain english explanation of Synergetics from a mathematician who worked with Fuller for the last three years of his life. Part of the Design Science collection. Gabel, Medard. Energy, Earth, and everyone : a global energy strategy for spaceship Earth [See Energy, Earth, and Everyone] Gabel, Medard. Ho-Ping: Food for Everyone , strategies to eliminate hunger on spaceship Earth / by Medard Gabel, with the World Game laboratory. Anchor Books, c1979. 272 p. : ill. ; 20 x 29 cm. Includes bibliographic references. Grimaldi, Roberto. R. Buckminster Fuller : 1895-1983. Roma : Officina, 1990. 121 p. (Dizionario monografico degli architetti moderni e contemporanei ; 2) Hatch, Alden, (1898-), Buckminster Fuller: at home in the universe. New York, Crown [1974] vii, 279 p. illus. 24 cm. Kenner, Hugh. Bucky; a guided tour of Buckminster Fuller. New York, Morrow, 1973. 338 p. illus. 21 cm. Bibliography: p. 327-331. Hugh Kenner's "Geodesic Math and How to Use It" Berkeley : University of California Press, c1976. xi, 172 p. : ill. ; 22 cm. (ISBN 0-520-02924-0) This is an excellent book for the hobbyist model builder, but also shows geometric derivations for a number of approaches to carving up the surface of a sphere into the smallest practical number of different shaped parts, which is the key matter in dome fabrication. The book also discusses tensegrity designs, although I believe Hugh has since release a volume devoted to tensegrity. For those without calculators :-), the appendix of the book lists the dome-vertex values for many practical frequencies in the basic polyhedral forms. McHale, John. R. Buckminster Fuller. New York, Braziller, 1962. 127 p. illus. (Makers of contemporary architecture) Includes bibliography. Reese, K.M. Certain activities of R. Buckminster Fuller. (Newscripts) Chemical \& Engineering News v71, n4 (Jan 25, 1993):60. Abstract: R. Buckminster Fuller, for whom the fullerene was named, invented the geodesic dome in 1933. He also designed the Dymaxion car with a body made of duralumin. The car had three wheels, a teardrop shape and a maximum speed of 120 miles per hour with 40 miles to the gallon. It can be parked in a space only a foot longer than itself. The Dymaxion car can also be rotated 360 degrees within its own length. Robertson, Donald W. Mind's eye of Richard Buckminster Fuller / by Donald W. Robertson. -- New York : St. Martin's Press, [1983?], c1974. 109 p. : ill. ; 22 cm. Reprint. Originally published: 1st ed. New York : Vantage Press, c1974. Includes bibliographical references. Sieden, Lloyd Steven. Buckminster Fuller's universe : an appreciation / Lloyd Steven Sieden; foreword by Norman Cousins. -- New York : Plenum Press, c1989. xvii, 511 p. : ill. ; 22 cm. Includes index. Bibliography: p. 449-498. Snyder, Robert. R. Buckminster Fuller: an autobiographical monologue/scenario / documented and edited by Robert Synder. -- New York : St. Martin's Press, c1980. 218 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. Fuller's earth : a day with Bucky and the kids / [edited] by Richard J. Brenneman. -- 1st ed. -- New York : St. Martin's Press, c1984. x, 180 p. : ill. ; 22 cm. Includes index. Bibliography: p. 163-166. Bucky for Beginners Workbook style lesson plans for Synergetic activities. A must for teachers. Shaping space : a polyhedral approach / Marjorie Senechal and George Fleck, editors. -- Boston : Birkh:auser, 1988. xx, 284 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. -- (Design science collection.) ``A Pro scientia viva title.'' Includes material from the Shaping Space Conference held at Smith College, Apr. 6-8, 1984. Includes index. Bibliography: p. 266-271. Also from the Design Science collection. The proceedings of a conference on polyhedral theory. A wealth of information including a useful article entitled ``Polyhedral in the curriculum.'' [From Alex Soojung-Kim Pang.] Wendell Barry in ``Speaking for Words'' has an excellent critique of Fuller's writing style. There are also a number of magazine articles, published mainly in the 1950s to 1970s, that profile Fuller and give ``day in the life'' views of him. These have been indexed in a bio-bibliography published by Vance (which does a lot of these for public figures) available at your university library. ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 18 Jul 1994 00:06:34 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ (Part 5 of 5) The R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ Christopher J. Fearnley, cfearnl@cpp.pha.pa.us v.1.0, 12 July 1994 This is the Frequently Asked Questions and Answers (FAQ) Resource on R. Buckminster Fuller. It is based primarily on the history of the discussions, interests, and needs of the readers of the BITNET list GEODESIC and it's USENET gateway bit.listserv.geodesic. So some of the information could be in error (especially addresses and phone numbers). The FAQ is maintained by Chris Fearnley (fearnlcj@drexel.ocs.drexel.edu). Please send all errors and suggestions to me. The FAQ is released (generally with modifications) on the 12th of each month (to celebrate Bucky's monthly birth anniver- sary -- He was born 12 July 1895). Some citations are in brackets before the text, others follow it. Most material is directly quoted from the logs (with minor editing to correct typos, a bit of stream- lining, etc,.). SO BEWARE OF OUTDATED INFORMATION. Please follow-up with discussion and questions to bit.listserv.geodesic or to the mail- ing list geodesic@ubvm (see section ``List GEODESIC'' for subscription details). Table of Contents 1. Introductory 2. Synergetics 2.1. What is ``synergy?'' 2.2. What is Fuller's definition of ``Universe?'' 2.3. What is the ``Isotropic Vector Matrix'' (IVM)? 2.3.1. I wondered if hexagonal closest packing forms an IVM? Also, is a diamond cubic structure the same as an IVM? [Steve Mather] 2.4. What is the ``vector equilibrium'' (VE)? 2.5. What is the jitterbug? 2.6. What is Fuller's concept of ``space?'' 2.7. What is a ``system?'' 2.8. What is the ``minimal system?'' 2.9. What is the ``omnidirectional halo?'' 2.10. Does synergetics provide an extension or modification of the ``scientific method?'' 2.11. Are there connections between synergetics and fullerenes (besides the name, of course)? 2.12. Why use synergetics' conversion factors and other irra- tionals? 2.13. What is ``precession?'' 2.14. What is the equation for finding the volume of a pyra- mid? [Steve Mather] 3. Fuller's Ideas about Human Society: Critical Path 3.1. What is the Design Science Revolution? 3.1.1. When will the Design Science Revolution begin? 3.2. What is the ``cosmic accounting system?'' --- Fuller's Economics. 3.3. What is the World Game? 3.3.1. What is the World Game Institute? 3.3.2. What are the World Game Institutes ``games'' like? 3.3.3. What is Global Data Manager (GDM)? 3.3.4. Does the World Game offer any solutions to the World Hunger Problem? 3.4. What were Fuller's views on religion and God? 3.4.1. How did Bucky's ``Ever Rethinking the Lord's Prayer'' go? 3.5. What is the Global Energy Grid idea? 3.6. What is a ``trimtab?'' 3.7. Was Bucky a socialist? 3.8. What were Fuller's views on Education? 3.9. What is the difference between ``Class I'' and ``Class II'' evolution? 3.10. How to house humanity? And other reflections on Making the World work. 4. Geodesic Domes and other Inventions 4.1. What is a geodesic dome? 4.1.1. Do domes really weigh less then their component materi- als? 4.1.2. What are some features of underground, concrete domes? 4.1.3. What are geotangent domes? 4.1.4. What are the advangates (and disadvantages) of Dome Life? 4.1.5. How to use solar panels in domes? [Kerri Brochard] 4.1.6. Dome References [Oldest material first] 4.2. Dome Math: What you've all been waiting for!!! 4.2.1. Dome Theory 4.2.2. What are the basics of Spherical Trigonometry? 4.2.3. How to tesselate a sphere? 4.2.4. Chord Factors - the nitty gritty. 4.3. What is a tensegrity model? 4.3.1. How to Build Tensegrities? 4.3.2. Who was Kenneth Snelson and what was his role in the invention of tensegrities? 4.4. What are ``cloud nines?'' 4.5. What is ``dymaxion?'' 4.6. What was the ``Dymaxion Car?'' 4.7. What is a ``fog gun?'' 4.8. What was Fuller's ``floating city?'' 4.9. What was the Old Man's River 4.10. What was the Dymaxion Deployment Unit? 4.11. What is the Dymaxion Map? 4.11.1. Details about the Dymaxion Map. 4.12. What was the Dymaxion House? 5. Miscellany 5.1. What are ``fullerenes'' and ``buckyballs?'' 5.1.1. What are some of the properties of the fullerenes? 5.1.2. What are ``buckytubes?'' 5.1.3. What are ``endohedral fullerenes?'' 5.2. What is Biosphere II? 5.3. Was Fuller formally educated? 5.4. Will there be a 1995 commemorative stamp marking Bucky's 100th birthday? 5.5. Bibliography: Culled from many postings 5.6. Organizations and Corporations mentioned on GEODESIC (incomplete and dated) [Mostly dome-type manufacturers.] 5.7. Computer tools (may or may not be useful to dome design or synergetics' modelling). 5.8. Fuller's ``failures.'' 5.9. Where would you encourage your best friend to start in the Fuller literature? (For maximum ease of mastery) [Jeff Perth] 5.10. Quotes and Coinages. 5.11. Bucky: humanitarian or cold-hearted technocrat --- The value of a man? 5.12. What was the nature of Fuller's involvement with Werner Erhardt, EST and the World Hunger Project? [Lance Fletcher] 5.13. What were relations like between Fuller and his Stu- dents? 5.14. What is GENESIS II? 5.15. Could Fuller's proposed Very Large Structures work? 6. Net Resources 6.1. Buckminsterfullerenes Update Service and Fullerene Bibli- ography 6.2. List GEODESIC: GEODESIC@UBVM.BITNET 6.3. FIX (Fuller Information eXchange) BBS 6.4. WWW (World Wide Web) sources 5.6. Organizations and Corporations mentioned on GEODESIC (incomplete and dated) [Mostly dome-type manufacturers.] BFI: The Buckminster Fuller Institute (latest address) 2040 Alameda Padre Serra Suite 224 Santa Barbara, CA 93103 Phone: (805) 962-0022 **1990**: Tensegrity Systems Corp. Tivoli, NY 12583 1-800-227-2316 Dear Readers, in the mail I just received a catalog of audio tapes from SOUNDSTRUE in Boulder, Co. There are 3 Buckminster tapes available: #88-C011 "Is There Enough To Go Around?" 60 min. $9.95 #88-C010 "B.F.: A Primer Conversation" 60 min. $9.95 #88-C009 "B.F.: The 50-Year Experiment" 90 min. $9.95 Here's the 800-number: 800-835-2246 Ext. 275 If you need more infor- mation drop me a line at DOMST@SNYFREBA.Bitnet. 1994: [From Kurt Przybilla.] The best polyhedronal modelling kit I've seen is available from Edmund Scientific. It is called a "Star Structure Construction Set". Although it is a little pricey at $25, the vector joints are the best I've found. They resemble stars with 12 points. The struts are hollow tubes that fit on the stars. Though the book it comes with is a little lame, it explains how to make some of the more basic shapes. The main disadvantage is that the struts are all the same length which makes domes difficult. Edmund Scientific has a wonderful catalog that everyone should should have their own copy of. The number listed in it to request a catalog is (609) 573-6858. To order directly (609) 573-6250. The set is catalog number G52,060. Probably the most widely available kit on the market are made by a company out of Oregon called Ikosa Kits. Though they are inexpensive and come in various sizes, they are really nothing more than shishkebab sticks with sections of plastic tubing which you must pierce yourself to make joints. They are available in new age toys stores like Star Magic. [From Anton Bakker] The Zone-Tool by Biocrystals in Bolder Colorado is a good tool. The large kit cost ~ $600 A contact person is Marc Pellitier. If you contact him tell him that Jane & John Kostick referred the tool to you via me. [From Carey W. Mason, Oct '92] I have recently completed owner-builder construction of 2 geodesic domes. After some research, I selected the dome-shell kits from Robert Kirkpatrick in Ft. McCoy, Fla. These kits are ``Pease''-type domes as opposed to ``Hub-and- Strut'' construction. Kirkpatrick's kits (I have a 39' and a 45') are each constructed of two sizes of triangles, pre-assembled, reinforced, braced, with plywood attached for the outer surface, and the outer surface coated with elastomeric polymer. We assembled the triangles into pentagons (small tri's) and half hexagons (larger tri's) and then lifted by crane to assemble the shells. The first taking two days, the second in one day (thanks to setting the angle of the section with a magnetic protractor before craning it into position). This $10 Kirkpatrick trick saved several hundred dollars in crane time, etc. Here's Bob Kirkpatrick's info: Rt 2, Box 2862 Ft McCoy, Fl 32134 (904) 6853235 5.7. Computer tools (may or may not be useful to dome design or syn- ergetics' modelling). I'm just getting up to speed with GNU-Calc running under GNU Emacs and gnuplot for graphs. For those of us in poverty, there are many high- quality freware programs for graphics work. When I've tested more of them, I'll be letting you know about them. If you have lots of money, many people rave about Mathematica and its chief competition Maple. [From The Geometry Center, 22 JUN '92] The Geometry Center announces release 1.1 of geomview, a program for looking at and interactively manipulating 3D objects. The current version runs on Silicon Graphics IRIS workstations. It is available via anonymous ftp at geom.umn.edu (128.101.25.31) in the pubgeomview/ subdirectory. geomview-bin.tar.Z contains pre-compiled binaries, documentation, and data and takes up 3 MB of disk space. The source distribution is geomview.tar.Z and takes up 21 MB of disk space. To unpack, type uncompress < [geomview|geomview-bin].tar.Z | tar xvopf -. Please send all correspondence regarding this software via email to software@geom.umn.edu. 5.8. Fuller's ``failures.'' [From Alex Soojung-Kim Pang - See ``Old Man's River City Project (circular cities)?'' for background.] It is also interesting to note that this [Old Man River City] was the most modest of a series of urban renewal projects that Fuller was involved in at the time: his proposals for floating cities, renovation of Harlem (which involved tearing down all the buildings and erecting a series of apartment blocks that looked like nuclear plant cooling towers), and floating spherical cities all date from this period. Ironically, they represent a kind of technocratic vision that many of Fuller's followers in the counterculture rejected, though the tension between the ``Whole Earth Catalog'' and ``Domebook'' interpretation of Bucky and the Bucky that was proposing to build cooling towers on Harlem never became strong. [From Leo Elliott] Ross Keatinge raises some interesting speculations about Bucky's self- promotions and possible over-estimations of his projects' current or future feasibilities. The oldest one I can specifically recall, that seemed the most ordinary, was his ``dymaxion bath'' (part of the dymaxion house?), illustrated in Marks' "The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller" -- supposedly this two-piece, user-assemblable bath-utility would provide all the normal bath amenities (shower, tub, toilet, sink) with the additional economy of being able to take a very cleansing shower on only about a pint of water, an idea which Bucky says he got from watching how clean the engine-room sailors would get once they came up on deck and stood in the spray of a strong sea mist for a while -- ? Not sure of any data/research ever done by the soap or the plumbing-fixture companies on this particular claim, but according to Bucky, the dymaxion bath (which would also be serviceable in a recto-house, one presumes?) got nixed once the plumbers unions found out how little labor-time it would take to install, possibly even circumventing any requirements for their professional services at all. So how much of Bucky's self-promotion was hot air, and how much has been demonstrated? As I recall, some of the materials prescribed for both the dymaxion house and bath were of the order of plastics, which hadn't come into existence yet. Bucky used to say he decided, after studying the various timelags that he saw existing in various industries between the inception of an idea and its practical application (the most egregious of which, 50 years, he saw existing in the housing/construction industries), that he wanted to live his lifeplan 50 years out from the rest of humanity, thereby avoiding the carping of the critics: ``I do not care that I am not understood, but I do not like to be misunderstood.'' (rough paraphrase.) It would seem, from the posthumous discovery of the Fullerenes, that at least some of Bucky's visions were spot on. 5.9. Where would you encourage your best friend to start in the Fuller literature? (For maximum ease of mastery) [Jeff Perth] [See ``Bibliography'' for full citations. ``Cosmography'' is a great introduction. ``Critical Path'' is also very good. ``Synergetics'' (both volumes) can be started immediately, but be prepared to build lots of models to clarify the text (and/or set it aside for awhile when the going gets tough :) Several fun but less complete works are ``Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth,'' ``Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the Three Bears: A Cosmic Fairy Tale,'' ``No More Secondhand God: And Other Writings,'' and ``Grunch of Giants.''] [From Leo Elliott] I would highly recommend, for those who may wish to see the genesis of some of Bucky's ideas, a review of his 1938 "Nine Chains to the Moon". 5.10. Quotes and Coinages. ``Dare to be Naive'' -RBF in ``Moral of the Work'' in ``Synergetics'' ``Ownership is onerous'' -RBF [From Kirby Urner] Greetings ``buckyophiles!'' <-- term coined by Gene Fowler, the armed-robber poet-founder of the Regeniusing Project. 5.11. Bucky: humanitarian or cold-hearted technocrat --- The value of a man? [Admittedly to call the below thread distilled wisdom is pushing it. Maybe I will think up some way to edit it down into some pithy conclusion, but not today, sorry. Perhaps you like this lengthly discussion? E-mail me with commentary.] [From Gerry Segal] Some of R.B.Fuller's actions especially regarding the invention of tensegrity structures and his involvement with Werner Erhardt, EST and World Hunger project do not say much about the man. It's his ideas, and through his ideas his hope for people that become important. I.B. Singer, the Nobel Laureate writer once asked if he would like to meet and talk with Leo Tolstoy said That while he read every word of Tolstoy he wouldn't cross the street to talk with him. His human failings might destroy the ideas he placed in his mind. [From Alex Soojung-Kim Pang] Gerry Segal points to what I think is an important question in evaluating Fuller's life and the value of his work. Having concentrated much of my attention on Fuller's inventive activity, I tend to evaluate him in terms of his work with and for the Marines, Strategic Air Command, Department of Commerce, etc.; and a study of this side of his life reveals a Fuller who was a vigorous Cold War technocrat, relatively unconcerned with the things for which he is now remembered-- his philosophical work, his geometry, etc.. I think there is value in trying to evaluate him on the basis of his ideas, since in the last 20+ years of his life he was essentially a public philosopher, not so much an inventor. But this raises another thorny problem, that of trying to measure the impact of those ideas, particularly from about the mid-1960s on. The fact that Fuller could both have the ``Whole Earth Catalog'' dedicated to him, AND at the same time be condemned by Theodore Roszak (author of ``Making of the Counterculture'') as the Ultimate Technocrat (and therefore an intellectual conspirator in a system that has produced the evils of materialism, ecological despoilation, exploitative labor systems, etc.) points to a fundamental problem of reading and interpretation: what do Fuller's ideas ``really'' mean? What should we make of, and how should we evaluate, interpretations of his ideas? For example, in collecting accounts of Fuller's speeches in the late 1960s and 1970s (published in underground newspapers, mainstream magazines, and professional and trade journals), I've found that there developed a set of tropes describing Fuller's impact on his audience. It went something like this: ``Fuller gave a four-hour marathon lecture that left his audience exhausted but exhilarated, dazzled by his vision and enthusiasm. Few members of the audience could follow exactly what he said, but it was the tone and Fuller's presentation that really mattered.'' Statements like these, it seems to me, make problematic claims about the value of his ideas, even as they stand as a testimony to his powers of self-presentation and ability to inspire audiences. Many people obviously came away from these talks feeling that they had seen something profound; but few, I am coming to believe, actually came away with any kind of grounding in Fuller's intellectual system. There was a huge difference between the read Fuller and the performed Fuller; that difference is the key to understanding how he could be honored by Stewart Brand and villified by Theodore Roszak; and it raises deep questions about the value of his ideas and the importance of his life and work in the long run. These are questions I'm puzzling through, and which I intend to address in my book on Fuller and the dome; I'm not yet sure if he ultimately deserves a larger place in history, a smaller one, or the place he has now. [From Kirby Urner] The charge that Fuller is a ``cold warrior'' stems from his work with/for the US government. Geodesic domes had a strategic value from the beginning. On the other hand, more than most academics, and certainly most architects and engineers, Fuller has done much to villify capitalism, or LAWCAP as he called it (``lawyer capitalism''). The dust jacket of his book Grunch of Giants proclaims it as ``more subversive of the property and profit values of the capitalist system than anything dreamed of since Karl Marx.'' Yes, Ronald Reagan awarded him the Medal of Freedom. Yes, around the same time Fuller declared the ``USA we have known is now bankrupt and extinct.'' A curious mixture of pro-entrepeneurialism and individual initiative, and anti-corporatism. Too curious for some. I think Fuller's critics are often in the business of gathering second hand sources and citing other critics (e.g. Roszak) vs. tackling the subject material directly. Second hand criticisms are often cursory and do not reflect serious scholarship. On the other hand, indictments of this or that aspect of Fuller's work by people who really know their stuff are worth airing and I look forward to any such debates online. I have some criticisms of my own to share, if and when these seem relevant. Gordon C. Muth III writes: > fuller was naive to believe that because he had come > up with a better way to live that the world at large > would one day accept it. Well, if he thought his vision was *exactly* what would bear out, yes. But I think his longing for a world without so much deprivation at the basic survival level was just the broad brush strokes. His little blurbs on the back of other futurists' books (e.g. Gerard O'Neill's -- a maglev guy) show that he was open-minded enough to endorse other visions. Of course he thought his inventions would have a role to play. But many inventors have thought this, and were not naive to think it -- was Edison naive to think the light bulb would catch on? BTW, I think there *is* a basic shortage of adequate housing even now. I like Fuller's idea of converting a lot of downtown office space to dorm/workspace units, while wiring the suburbs for ``learning a living'' in a tele-democracy. That would cut back on the mad ebb and flow of millions of tons of steel (i.e. cars) to and from ``the office'' (hi honey, I'm home). -Kirby Urner 5.12. What was the nature of Fuller's involvement with Werner Erhardt, EST and the World Hunger Project? [Lance Fletcher] [From Kirby Urner] Around 1980, Werner Erhard rediscovered Fuller and found Fuller's lifelong commitments (to serve ``omnihumanity'') were illustrative of his own ``making the world work for everyone'' motto. Fuller appeared jointly with Erhard in Madison Square Gardens, where Erhard delivered emotional praise and Fuller spoke for several hours about the need to promote tetrahedra over cubes as a way of saving humanity (I was not present -- as an est graduate, I was getting the newsletter and read about it, and this sparked my renewed interest in Fuller and sent me off to read Critical Path)... Fuller's grandson, Jaime, did the est Training and for some time there was overlap in interest and volunteers. Asked what Fuller thought of Erhard on the Larry King show, Fuller said he thought he was ``a good boy'' or something to that effect (contrary to Erhard's own assertions that he was ``bad'' -- in the Michael Jackson sense perhaps). EST was supposed to be in lower case, meaning ``to be'' in latin. But for legal reasons (you can't name a corporation using italicized, lower case latin), it was also an acronym for Erhard Seminars Training. The Training took place over 2 weekends. 250 or so trainees would commit to sticking it through to the end after being briefed on what was to take place and after being given opportunities to leave. They were also not to chew gum, snack or leave for the bathroom except at scheduled breaks (``bathroom at will'' people sat in the back row, for anyone with medical conditions requiring exceptions to the norm). The first weekend especially was a hard- hitting oral delivery that many labeled a ``tearing down'' and which earned est trainers the title of ``verbal marines.'' Trainings were not advertised but graduates were strongly encouraged to ``share their experience'' of the training. At its peak, EST was active in many cities both statewide and overseas. Many books came out on the subject, and a biography. Erhard later got into racing cars (Formula One) to discover ``what works'' in organizations. Although many were strongly critical of Erhard's work, I think knee-jerk responses, either pro or con, are inappropriate vis-a-vis a complex and of course not unflawed enterprise. Walter Kaufmann, a well-known Princeton philosophy prof, was one of my teachers at the time, and he spoke highly of the est Training, which he had done the previous summer. He made it sound quite interesting so I enrolled. The World Hunger Project was developed to promote the idea that World Hunger was a problem that could be solved, that only the political will to solve the problem was absent (i.e. food shortages were not the root problem). Erhard helped found the organization and Fuller was on the Board (of Advisors or Directors I'm not sure). The WHP was controversial because it was primarily a marketing and public relations enterprise aimed at changing attitudes i.e. awakening peoples desire to truly end death by starvation as a significant problem on the planet (``an idea whose time has come'``). Because the money went to propagandize this cause, vs to actual relief workers or food shipments, it was branded by many as a sham and as further proof that Erhard was a con artist. Many have never forgiven Fuller for getting mixed up with Erhard's work, but as a ``do your own thinking'' type, Fuller was never one to let others' opinions be the determining factor. [From Leo Elliott] This business of self-promotion would certainly make him a fit with Werner Erhard, from what I have been able to make of the man and his movement. (btw, I am a more recent graduate of the kinder, gentler est, now the Forum, run by Landmark Ed. out of Alexandria, VA; last I heard Werner was off in Russia, drumming up new business, and letting his reputation get settled here in the states). I have an old Crawdaddy magazine account of the great encounter between the two magnates of consciousness, and the somewhat skeptical writer definitely presents Erhard as one who is trying to cop a hit off Fuller's prestige; hard to imagine, but if the account is correct, Erhard backs down from Fuller when Fuller disagrees with the est- imation that brain=mind. I find it also interesting that, even now, the Forum-est, like Scientology, is billed as a ``technology'' (vs. what?, a psychotherapy?, a pyramid-marketing scheme?). 5.13. What were relations like between Fuller and his Students? [From Alex Soojung-Kim Pang] Kirby writes: >Die-hard Fuller apologists may suspect the master was playing hard ball >with his former student -- learn to self-promote, kid, like I did, cuz >no one else will do it for you. This seems like a bit of a stretch, even for the best apologists-- ``I'm stealing from you for your own good, it will make you stronger.'' I would like to propose an alternative, that Fuller's relationship with Snelson [Ed: See section ``Who was Kenneth Snelson and what was his role in the invention of tensegrities'' for some con- text] can be seen as an example of the problematic relations Fuller had with students in this period, problematic because of claims Fuller made as sponsor and inspiration of their work, and disputes over the ownership of ideas and artifacts. It comes as no surprise to readers of this list that Fuller was always concerned to maintain control over his intellectual property rights. Aside from the financial strain losing control of inventions brings to inventors, there are deeper worries about losing other links between you and your creation-- how it is used, who it is associated with, etc.. Fuller required students to sign statements in which they swore to ``protect my proprietary rights,'' as he told an architecture professor. ``In return for their pledges,'' he continued, ``I agree to provide them with unrestrained, unguarded disclosures of my evolving thoughts concerning unique experiences and emerging inventions.'' So far not a bad bargain. But Fuller made very large claims about the relative contributions he made to a student's work, and who ultimately owned the fruits of a student's labor. At Washington University in 1955, for example, after students complained that they had not been given sufficient credit for their work in developing a prototype dome, Fuller fired back to the Architecture School Dean: ``It must be remembered that the Dome was manufactured... ONLY because I had an experience-fertilized teleological design backlog.... It is true that every student was responsible for some phase of ORIGINAL design conceptioning, but none of them must make the mistake of thinking... that they have been responsible for teleologic processes as yet beyond the limits of their experience and capacity.... The thesis students only designed the sub-complex forwarding requirements of my preconceived comprehensive solution.'' Now, once this is decoded, it contains a truly remarkable claim. What I think Fuller is saying-- and this is the interpretation drawn by several Architecture School professors-- is that because he developed the mathematics by which domes were designed, and he IMAGINED the work that students would do under him, that *students had no claim whatsoever to authorship or anything they did under Fuller's direction.* The message was not ``learn to self-promote, kid,'' but rather ``because I imagined all this before I came here-- and because you're not old enough to have done any of this on your own-- I own this work, and you don't. The fact that YOU actually did the work is of not the slightest consequence.'' This is hardly the only example of arguments Fuller had with students and colleagues over the division of spoils and attribution of authorship in collaborative projects; thoughout, Fuller maintained that HIS participation was necessary for work to be done, and that this was sufficient to establish exclusive ownership of prototypes and ideas. He ultimately broke with the NC State School of Design, which had been a generous provider of support and apparently gracious host to him, over precisely such issues. In E.M. Forster's ``Maurice,'' (Lord Risley) declares, ``Words ARE deeds.'' For Fuller, if my take on him is right, imagining was doing, and moreover, it was ownership. [From Kirby Urner] My feeling is that Fuller wanted to be the Father of Great Gifts to Humanity (and I personally acknowledge him for being precisely that) but in no way an anonymous benefactor. In Fuller's vision, intellectual property conventions might well dissipate over the long haul (a lot of what he meant by ``creating artificial scarcity'' in the chapter ``Legally Piggily'' of Critical Path I read as an implicit indictment of modern-day intellectual property conventions), but he wanted his ``ownership'' of his contribution to be writ large in the pages of history. Most of us came to know Fuller when he was already famous (``best known American genius'' or however the cliche goes), but for years he struggled in relative obscurity, developing that Ralph Nader mentality that says ``how can I sleep when the Corporations are working 24 hours a day, seven days a week, all around the globe?'' Given the way Disney, Inc. effaces Fuller's contribution to Epcot, the way that Philadelphia museum [above postings] uses his map without attribution, the way Synergetics is ignored, the way individuals in general are removed from the picture to make them feel appropriately helpless in the face of Corporate all-powerfulness, I can understand where Fuller's conditioned reflexes come from. He is downright *furious* in some dimension. Students, guiltless and innocent, felt the onslaught of this guy's life's mission to buck the tide of history, which is about (felt Fuller) making ownership of critical assets the sole privilege of literally soulless legal fictions called Corporations. That Fuller's jealous guarding and hoarding of credit-to-himself for what he felt was proof of the glory of God makes him even more the caricature -- at bottom was not a selfish drivenness to make money, but an ethical principle. To my way of thinking, none of this makes him more pathetic or ugly, but only shows how starved we as individuals are for acknowledgment, how imprisoned we feel as cogs in the machine. Without getting too maudlin, I think Werner Erhard felt precisely this in Fuller, his deep hunger for acknowledgment, and I am grateful to Erhard for offering wholehearted gratitude to Fuller at Madison Square Gardens. [From Gerry Segal] Bob Stubenrauch of Canton Ohio wrote a letter in today's (18 Oct 1993) ``New York Times:'' ``The awesome earthquake in India with its tremendous loss of life brought back memories of two weeks with Buckminster Fuller, the engineer and inventor, 40 years ago. ``I was working for a custom photo lab in New York. Mr. Fuller brought in a notebook, every page filled with his crabbed notes and wonderful sketches of his ideas. For two weeks I printed photo reproductions of that notebook, while Mr. Fuller chatted at my side in the darkroom. ``One of his dazzling concepts was for housing the poor people of India. He had planned a huge factory and airport complex for that purpose. In the factory were assembly lines producing lightweight geodesic domes, the walls covered in a heavy transparent plastic. ``Each dome had a ring mount at the peak, and as it came off the line a waiting helicopter would hook up and fly off with the dome swinging below. The sketches showed a sky full of these choppers in formation, flying off to a prepared site to set down an instant town. ``Fuller's estimated cost per unit (this was very low-wage India of the early 50s) was $40. ``It is a sad irony that ancient traditions, like the dangerous use of unsupported clay or stone blocks, continue, when visionary concepts like Fuller's could have saved thousands of lives if implemented for housing. It was accepted, and hundreds of domes built, for our early- warning radar outpost in Alaska, the DEW line of cold-war days. ``New technology is always first embraced by the military, a sad commentary on the priorities of governments.'' Mr. Stubenrauch was right. The structural tension-compression equilibrium of the domes would have saved massive amounts of life. We communicate in this electronic environment on an electronic highway that also grew from the loins of the Defense Department ARPANET. Maybe we can use this and other lists to help create the development of innovative ideas without using the ``rearview mirror'' approach of the military. We have to do it to get through what Bucky called Humankind's ``Final Exam.'' [From Alex Soojung-Kim Pang] I read the ``New York Times'' letter with interest, since it was the first citation I'd seen of Fuller's thinking on using domes as emergency shelters. And certainly Mr. Stubenrauch is right to raise the question of whether military ``first use'' of high technology speaks well of the values of the society supporting that military. However, while Fuller may have had sketches in his notebook showing domes airlifted to the Third World, and in the early 1960s did a couple short courses in architecture schools on the use of indigenous materials (especially bamboo) in dome-building, it is important to remember that the dome's use by the military happened not in spite of Fuller, but because of him. In fact, in reviewing Fuller's research in the 1950s, I find that he never presented students with the challenge of using the dome to solve Third World housing problems. He had a carefully-managed network of small consulting firms, architecture schools in which he held visiting lectureships, and a good-sized group of student volunteers (he was, in fact, an able if unusual manager who was deeply concerned with questions of securing patrons, exerting control over intellectual property rights, etc.) in this period, and they spent most of their time working on military and civilian defense applications of the dome. The initial studies for the DEW line domes, for example, were done by Fuller and students (mainly students) at MIT; studies for the Marine Corps were conducted at MIT, Tulane, NC State, and Virginia Tech. Other students designed automated cotton mills in geodesic domes, and worked under Fuller on designing private and public structures that could withstand atomic bomb blasts. Studies of how the dome could be put to more humanitarian uses, in contrast, seem to have received almost no formal attention from Fuller or his students. This is not to say that Fuller was not interested in the dome being used in the Third World; but his vision, at least as described to his military patrons, was rather more complex and perhaps more sinister than Mr. Stubenrauch reports. Fuller articulated this vision in letters now held in the Marine Corps Historical Center archives; in them, he complimented the Corps for their interest in using domes in forward logistics plans (in which domes, filled with aircraft repair equipment, would be rushed to contested areas in the Third World at the first sign of Communist mischief, shortening logistics lines and allowing stronger support for air wings), and that they had discovered the key to winning to the Cold War. To quote: ``The Marine Corps [has created] an unexpectedly double-barrelled gun: one barrel for the hot war, one barrel for the cool war. The hot war barrel of the Geodesic structures weapon will function in the manner we have outlined above [e.g. in providing logistics and repair facilities for aircraft]..... The cool barrel of the Geodesic structures weapon-inadvertently adopted by the Marine Corps -- is the barrel which can now hit directly, instantly, and effectively at the heart of every peace-time economic pattern the world around.... ``The logic governing the possibility of our winning the cool war runs as follows: controlled environment is the comprehensive package which contains and permits the uniquely high vantage functionings of industrialization. And it is towards industrialization that peoples of the world now direct the war-detouring hopes of swift emancipation from all the fundamental physical disadvantages and lethal deficiencies.... And, every function of further world-around industrialization is dependent upon the accelerated realization of comprehensively deployable environment controls.... ``The swift delivery half-way around the world... of all manner of controlled environment structures... is a first requirement of all integrated agricultural and industrial economics - from farm buildings to factories, to governments, to homes.... If world man can witness the economically realized production of controlled environments capable of converting to man's unprecedented advantage the most hostile environment events of converting to man's unprecedented advantage the most hostile environmental events... then world man's intuitive response will be to focus his hopes of swiftest emancipation from 'what ails him' toward the heart of the American economy and the democratic processes which provide the synergetic strength of the U.S.A.'' Fuller's other writings and speeches from this period deliver (broadly) the same message: that domes, filled with power stations, hospitals, factories, etc., preassembled in the United States and airlifted to underdeveloped countries, would yield overnight industrialization and the reconstitution of these nations into American-style societies and economies. This vision is a far cry from the emergency shelters; it is also the one Fuller invested more in, and in which he was more interested. The domes weren't empty, either in a literal or political sense. [From Kirby Urner] Alex -- I cannot initially agree with your thesis, although I might see your points better with further elaboration. True, Fuller was well-nigh incomprehensible to a large percentage of his listeners, partly because he threw out words like ``tetrahedron'' with high frequency (a glaze-over word), but mostly because he used what people called his ``boardroom drawl'' -- he slurred his words together pretty seriously. Nevertheless, what came out of his mouth, transcribed, does not appear so divergent from what he wrote (I have 40 hours of transcribed audiotape in my collection to compare with his books). I really don't think differences in the spoken vs. printed Fuller accounts for the Whole Earth vs. Roszak dichotomy. Like any lifelong writer, Fuller recapitulates and recontextualizes his earlier writings in later texts, trying to give his readers a sense of what *he* thinks is relevant. His early work for the Dept of Commerce & Forbes Magazine, he later tells us, was important because it got people to measure wealth in terms of energy use per capita, vs tonnage of raw materials per capita. His emphasis back then, as later, was on ``doing more with less'' -- the Dymaxion House being the paradigm example. Time to get away from the idea that higher living standards involves consuming more ``stuff'' per capita -- or even more energy, ultimately. My personal feeling is that Roszak is fundamentally suspicious of Fuller's assertion that ``artifacts'' make a bigger difference than political movements. To Roszak's ears, Fuller is promoting a ``quick fix'' through technology, offering as a solution what appears to have gotten us into such deep waters in the first place. The Whole Earth folks, on the other hand, are not technophobic but trend more towards the Cyberpunkish end of the spectrum, these days embracing VR and the internet as part of their preferred future. Both are reading/hearing the same text and reacting according to their predelictions. Both currents were part of the counter-culture, so it is not surprising that the counter-culture was schizophrenic about Fuller. Fuller himself was a New England Transcendentalist, in the mold of Emerson and his great aunt, Margaret Fuller. He was a mystic. In Fuller's universe, technology is synonymous with the physical. Nature is the supreme architect and technophile, her creatures being far and away more sophisticated than anything humans have themselves consciously invented. For Fuller, the technology vs nature dichotomy did not exist and he was dismayed that the counter-culture might throw out the technology baby with the evil-uses-of-same bath water. In sum, I think, as you do, that Fuller was controversial, but not because his listeners and his readers were getting (or not getting) seriously different pictures of the man. [And more from Kirby] The fact remains, that in presenting US Marine readers with visions of made-in-the-USA living standards, to be spread around the globe to ``make the world safe for democracy,'' Fuller is (1) replacing fantasies of ultimate killingry with visions of livingry as the primary means to the desired end (victory for the USA) and (2) casting the problem as one of ``detouring war'' -- a goal shared by all sides in the 'cool war' (thus common ground with the enemy is established). I think it is Fuller's ultimate faith in the power of *artifacts* and visions focusing on same, that allows him to work in ways that, from a political point of view, are ideologically inconsistent. How can he sound like such a cold warrior and still be the ``gentle genius'' of 1960s pop culture? I think we need to take Fuller at his word here: he was radically *apolitical* and willing to propagandize livingry artifacts in whatever ways would speak to his primary audience, in the this case the defense establishment. I don't have a problem with these ideological positions once I see the common thread throughout: only by raising living standards globally can we detour war. Obviously a Third World (both inside and outside USA national boundaries) in constant need of emergency shelters cannot be the end for which we are striving. The goal was to raise living standards -- and since the USA is not living at the standard Fuller envisioned either, it is not the case that his futurism was merely a projection of contemporary USA living standards on the rest of the world. USA people are living in squalor, in pathetic housing, under onerous and fearful conditions compared to where Fuller hoped we would be by this time. [From Leo Elliott] To take Fuller at his word, that he wanted to live, by design, fifty years ahead of his time (that being the longest time-lag, existing in the housing industry, between the inception of an idea and its practical application), one might hypothesize that Fuller was simply good at self-promoting his novel technologies, which often appeared as self-promotion of his intellect, especially since some of his technologies were being designed for materials, or social systems, which had yet to come to pass.... However I would take issue with Alex's statement that ``There was a huge difference between the read Fuller and the performed Fuller.'' While I only saw Fuller live one time in my life, which conforms to Alex's trope of ``exhausted but exhilarated, dazzled by his vision and enthusiasm,'' I have several days of tapes, which, perhaps because they are more controllable than a stage presentation, permit a closer look at the visionary language and how he constructed these scenarios, and also permit of less exhaustion, coming as the tape cassette does, in controllable dosage. However, my point is that serious concentration on some of Fuller's texts has at times led to exhaustion as well; I am reminded of a picture in Applewhite's ``Cosmic Fishing'' supposedly depicting a galley proof of a page from one of Fuller's books, supposedly ready for typesetting, in which Fuller practically rewrote the entire text in the margins. His seemingly off-the-wall (``precessional'') spinoffs in his oral deliveries are similar, imo, to the tangential approach Fuller used in many of his texts, to illustrate some common theme or idea. Whilst it may appear, to the casual observer, as stream-of-consciousness writing OR speaking (and mind you, I'm not saying it wasn't -- in fact, I've often wondered, in my more mystical moments, if RBF wasn't channelling some Ancient of Days up there on stage! ;)) -- despite the appearance of stream-of-consciousness, I've found a great sense of awe, at times, at being brought back, completely from left field, to the starting point of the argument. The great Ah-haaa... 5.14. What is GENESIS II? [From Kirby Urner] Was chatting with Russ Chu the other night -- he's a long time BFI affiliate and good with hands-on artifact-making. Worked with Terry Gwilliam on tensegrity furniture stuff... Anyway, I was asking him about the GENESIS II in the LA area. A dozen domes (looks like 1 doz. eggs?) sits by the freeway, sheltering the homeless. NPR (Natl Public Radio) did a spot the other evening. Russ says American Temporary Shelter, Inc. is behind those fiberglass domes, which appear to be about 5/8ths of an icosasphere -- I don't know what frequency. The cost, as I hear from NPR (Natl Public Radio) is about $6500 per unit. [From Brady Thompson] There was a short article on the project GENESIS II reprinted in the Toronto Star from a LA Times article. As I recall, the cost of the units was about $8,000 U.S. and the interior lining was ferro- concrete. [From Kirby Urner] Just got my most recent TrimTab from the Buckminster Fuller Institute today. It has some of the information I was looking for about that community for the homeless in LA. Here are some excerpts: ``The domes are made of fiberglass and are similar in structure to plywood domes. They are 20' in diameter and have many windows. Each dome takes only two to three hours to assemble allowing for speedy construction for the whole community... The whole community can be put up in only five weeks... Craig Chamberlain, who worked with Buckminster Fuller in the 1970s, has helped Ted Hayes [head of Justicville/Homeless USA] with the specifics of the dome construction... A sample of each type of domes was on display in the Los Angeles location. These structures included a kitchen with two of everything, a laundry room with multiple washers and dryers, a dome with four individual bathrooms and showers, and the shelter dome split into two private bedrooms. On November 5th Genesis 1, a one-acre community of 18 Omnisphere domes in downtown Los Angeles celebrated its grand opening as the first pilot dome village. Funded by ARCO, the domes were erected by homeless workers and the American Temporary Housing Corporation. If the first year is successful, Justiceville/Homeless USA hopes to erect such villages in other cities. Hopefully, Hayes and his volunteers have started a continuing trend of solving our shelter needs by doing more with less.'' Article by Melinda McDonald, BFI TrimTab Bulletin, Fall/Winter 1993 contact: JHUSA 1316 Wilshire Blvd, LA, CA 90017 (213) 483-8783 for more info. 5.15. Could Fuller's proposed Very Large Structures work? [From Martin Roller] Buckminster Fuller claims in several of his books, that using dome constructions one could build arbitrarily large structures, the only constraint would be the available material (see e.g. the sketches of floating spheres of diameter one mile or a bubble enclosing Manhattan in ``The Dymaxion World''). Frei Otto, a German architect, argues that this is still impossible, nobody could build a structure (arc, roof etc.) spanning one mile, say. Does anybody know Fuller's precise calculations for the structural stability of domes or more details of Otto's case against it? Who is right? [Chris Fearnley] Since no one has ever built such Very Large Structures, we can't know for certain. But in dome theory the key variable is radius and no restrictions are placed on its value. So there is no reason to suspect that they wouldn't work. In fact geometrically the only way they could break were if a joint poped or strut broke. This is why Fuller suggests useing very high frequency geodedsics for large structures. 6. Net Resources 6.1. Buckminsterfullerenes Update Service and Fullerene Bibliography [From the ``Intro''] Jack Fischer's group at UPENN continues to provide a service that keeps researchers appraised of new work in the fullerene field. This service is an email-based bulletin board providing many useful capabilities. To learn more about the service and its capabilities send the one-word email message, INTRO, to bucky@sol1.lrsm.upenn.edu. You will receive current information about how the service works by return mail. To order ``The Almost (but never quite) Complete Buckminsterfullerene Bibliography'' from the Arizona Fullerene Consortium (very long 700K and growing with each revision) send the one-word email message, BIBLIO, to bucky@sol1.lrsm.upenn.edu. 6.2. List GEODESIC: GEODESIC@UBVM.BITNET [From the "Intro"] This list is for the discussion of Buckminster ``Bucky'' Fuller, his works and his philosophies on Life, the Universe, and Everything (NOT The Douglas Adams book!). For those of you who don't know, Bucky is the person who invented the Geodesic Dome, which is what we all played on as children in the playground (the domes with all the triangles, remember?). Another example of geodesic architecture is the giant white sphere at Disney World's ``Epcot Center.'' Of course, Bucky did a LOT more than just invent the Geodesic Dome! He invented other means of housing people cheaply, efficiently, COMFORTABLY, and basically anywhere in the world! (Yes, even ON the oceans!). So if you're interested in discussing Bucky, learning more about him, or finding out about 8500 ft. high pyramidal cities that float in the ocean and house 1,000,000 people comfortably (2000 sq ft. apartments with 1000 sq ft. extra patio/garden space), or 1+ mile diameter spherical cities that FLOAT IN THE AIR *WITHOUT POWER*, then sign up on the list! To sign up, send a mail message to LISTSERV@UBVM.BITNET (for most sites) or to GEODESIC%UBVM.BITNET@MITVMA.MIT.EDU (other sites) with the line SUBSCRIBE GEODESIC Your Real Name as the body of the letter. o OWNER = majcher@acsu.buffalo.edu (Marc Majcher) o OWNER = salsbury@acsu.buffalo.edu (Patrick G. Salsbury) The list is gatewayed to USENET as bit.listserv.geodesic. You may be requested to respond to an e-mail to confirm your address. So check your e-mail after subscribbing. 6.3. FIX (Fuller Information eXchange) BBS This is a bulletin board in Philadelphia at (215) 463-7160. Use modem settings 8N1 and speeds up to 14400 baud. Hit ENTER or RETURN when you connect to get login options. Typing ``fix'' at login (or from Unix shell accounts which are available for the asking) will get you to the Fuller side of the board. (Typing ``bbs'' will get you to the Critical Path AIDS Project bulletin board - which is also free.) Fill out the simple registration. There are many discussion boards such as ``Synergetics Conference'' and ``Global Village.'' FIX uses Magpie. A tutorial is available from the main menu. Call Critical Path hotline (215) 545-2212 for further details. This service is free. 6.4. WWW (World Wide Web) sources Collected list of WWW sites with Bucky related stuff. [From Dave K] [From] gopher or world wide web. Both on switchboard.ftp.com on ports 70 and 80. Here is the current [menu file]: Text= This Space Currently Mostly Empty, please send to me to fill it. dkap@vax.ftp.com EndText= Name=Faq 0.7 Path=0h/BF/bucky Type=0h gnLink=Dome Project Page Path=~t93827ya/dome/dome.html Type=0 Host=cs1.sfc.keio.ac.jp Port=80 gnLink=3d Buckyball Path=free/bucky.html Host=www.sgi.com Port=80 gnLink=European Site Collection Path=rod/text/buckminster_fuller.html Host=www.futuro.usp.br Port=80 ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 18 Jul 1994 00:57:58 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Hawku@AOL.COM Subject: Re: JPEG Geodesic Sphere begin 0755 "Geodesic sphere.jpg" M_]C_X``prDyiq@`a`p```p`a``c_VPac``@fa@|fap@gaP|ibp@jcapmc`Lk McaDrdP\tgqH?gATzgaP@ibXGhbhLhQP|jc|Ikc`QmcpTgR|Yos@RobXSmck_ MVPac`pDibpPkca@mcq@RhqPAlChRlChRlChRlChRlChRlChRlChRlChRlChR MlChRlChRlChRlChRlChRlChRlChRlCk_P``qb`cP`t`c`rh``Ada`Qda_\p` MgP```pta`pda`pd```````````db`Ppea@|hbpHk_\p`Mq```@dc`Phd`Pte Ma`p```e]`phc``pqaqhAltdfdUeAaRiQecjaDzdhhTjQPqurT?`DlViR@@Dj MeA|xfqHEiB|HjrHTmsxWncDZpTqeqD}hrtIsueuvuUAyvFmDyvyGzfEJ|WqU M}G}X>wJcAhvfAXBiBIjsEivvEYByFJjCIjvFIZBIJKjSMkvVM[BYNLkcQlwf MQ\CiRMksUmwvU]CyVNgBX^sEYN?HZ>KQ\OoT]?{W^oGZ_\p`gPd``Pda`pda M`pda`p````````db`Ppea@|hbpHk_\p`Mqd``@dba`pca`|ea`p``piW``db M`QddardQaAiatp}A|qlBlHdhedjqH{gabrlStO`uxGkqbAxDmndE\q|xfqHF MiR@IjCtVmS@YnDmdqtygrdEjtUquuE}xvuICyfuFyVAIzGmT}wyW>gEZ@Hnd MAxzgBhFjDIntEyzwFiFzHJnDIzzGJjFJLKnTM{zWNkFZPLodQ|{gRlGjTMot MU}{wVmGzXNoDY>{GZnGJ\OoT]?{W^oGZ_]H`c`la``hq`Qd`oPcY_HHHH`jj Mjj`bBBB@`HHHH`jjjj`bBBB@`HHHH`jjjj`bBBB@`HHHH`jjjj`bBBB@`HHH MH`jjjj`bBBB@`HHHH`jjjj`bBBB@`HHHH`jjjj`bBBB@`HHHH`jjjj`bBBB@ M`HHHH`jjjj`bBBIhk>zYEduOcikhWqhUkd_@jamIj[hZjZJR\bW[CSmqErRB M`Rug[VpCVu?ZDuTeCHfFvbBrfPcNOgGW[aOQdxX^F>zVCpF]]cSJVzX>GIe\ MS\MOOV^ZYPVGzcJ>JXmIznTy_PbvK?j@]?Foe}uIw@rS?kwVH>|thWi{cbcV MkD?APoQKHtT?t}rxRzG}aki|xw>qGopxP`aZ]?JnMfLSVFG^w{?VKexjH^uv MM?lW_FPS^M{QHQBKR_d\>OFMzMkV}juGYiNWSLW]RqBwm]xVtQT_pmae\@iv MtKdy`QQG{GaiQ_GVLO\`VtLhDUwPLklgbD^ve`SZ[|d?wgMZbJMWJNGSqayO MeNHRd@`BjdqCgLaTgsOurrsPKzJyiimwNch`pyyeRqUXfWCoa]?SYkZO{\o^ MbmtFTO}E?NNz[^{Y?RmhZiXtO|bTCBuAGY?MkH?_`a[}TJIkXkT\kNvgutpg MEP\tHh^@PzKVGBsP_ICDVMC>NAXyiyRu{IUgXuxLoffFqwheOID}LfovzXDj M_Pc?hR`oIC\juZsWM_wRj|l}b[I\[wFU_G^ClFX\mZwbYw^WfB|gE{BTylcZ M@GnoIrS>aK]tcPw}Gnf^XN]Dk?\`?p`gYUWo]J`zs|ZGJ]KyMae_Joj_>[_q M@s@CGCMRnzKZII^FzYxiJmOi}HJKN{RsNyo?xqS^fl?Gs}feBhyIBtTImVOy MNRzOVTrok{JSN{f}HkJbrft}u}|gZ_sWJfOsKuaJeLkv>[L}zM@N`goERI[C Mos@cDgoUKhUwPjGFg^SICemCoVzYnl_[K]c^oYUCjAjUX[gJtLVI\WivT?X? 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Mp?Et>Vr?|Z_[kGmzoE^]_FSTB_\`dvBZxvrwti[Zpg_tVQV@?uNoRXoe|GJ_ MCbYUdmg{VTmKbvRlc>_I]X]OzN{HKn}>tOh[loEubB^y^\_o_izcYyyiGWRN MSMZL|TRBBLsTDKzhjjjj`bBBB@`HHHH`jjjj`bBBB@`HHHH`jjjj`bBBB@`H MHHH`jjjj`bBBB@`HHHH`jjjj`bBBB@`HHHH`jjjj`bIIkRZEMHKzrYF>WBil M|snrJyZXgpucqq|sr>XttttcbBBB@`HHHH`jjjj`bBBB@`HHHH`jjjj`bBBB h@`HHHH`__]D ` end begin 0700 .rsrc ` end begin 0700 .finfo prEaeqTEJyW`a`````````o ` end ---Cut here--- I used UUTool 2.0.4 & JPEG Convert 1.0 (Mac programs) from AOL shareware for encoding this file. Richard Hawkins ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 18 Jul 1994 02:53:20 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Hawku@AOL.COM Subject: Re: JPEG Geodesic Sphere I understand that my UU encoder may have a bug which places quotation marks in the begin line, causing problems in decoding on some operating systems. Try deleting the quotation marks if you have this problem. Thanks to Chris Fearnley for this remedy. Richard Hawkins ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 18 Jul 1994 10:37:40 +0100 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Andy Wardley Subject: Re: A Much Improved 6-Strut Tensegrity JPEG + Source In-Reply-To: <9407170331.AA18224@Q.icl.co.uk> from "Chris Fearnley" at Jul 16, 94 11:16:59 pm Chris Fearnley writes: > [...snip...] >the POV-Ray FAQ by Andy Wardley cites two official distribution sites: >alfred.ccs.carleton.ca [134.117.1.1] and uniwa.uwa.edu.au >[130.95.128.1]). Oh, that's me! Actually, the second site has now changed to "ftp.uwa.edu.au". I think the old one still works, but the second is preferable. While you're there, you could also check out my image "geodome" in /pub/povray/HALL_OF_FAME. Guess what the subject is? Cheers Andy This Spot Is Allowed whatever K says. Here, have some Andy Wardley chocolate, it's Terry's. No smug bait for Derek. M#0 abw@oasis.icl.co.uk Badgers are your friends. OK, so they don't frink but have you seen them forage? DAMN! I've run out of sp ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 18 Jul 1994 13:41:51 CST Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Tom Dosemagen Subject: Re: Residential Domes Try calling Natural Spaces at 1-800-733-7107. They have the best connector system in the business. ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 18 Jul 1994 17:28:07 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Matthew V. J. Whalen" Subject: Re: Residential Domes In-Reply-To: Your message of "Mon, 18 Jul 1994 13:41:51 CST." <199407182052.QAA23596@tis.telos.com> >Try calling Natural Spaces at 1-800-733-7107. They have the best connector >system in the business. That's quite a statement... What do you think of places like Timberline Geodesics?? -matthew ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 19 Jul 1994 01:47:02 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Winchell Chung Organization: Clark Internet Services, Inc., Ellicott City, MD USA Subject: Re: A Much Improved 6-Strut Tensegrity JPEG + Source Fascinating image. I've got an old toy based on the same structure, with wooden dowels for the compression members and coated elastic bands for the tension members. Ever read any old space opera novels by E.E. "Doc" Smith? In his Lensman novels, fleets of interstellar spaceships would use "tractor" and "pressor" beams to weld the fleet into one large object. So, take your tensegrity image, place spaceships at the rod endpoints, replace the compression members with pressor beams and the tension members with tractor beams. Works like a charm, until one of the beams breaks. ___ <(*)> Winchell Chung ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 19 Jul 1994 01:51:25 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Winchell Chung Organization: Clark Internet Services, Inc., Ellicott City, MD USA Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II Jeff Weiner (jeff@ican.com) wrote: : How `bout a sci-fi sitcom where the hero has his own Dymaxion vehicle? As a matter of fact, in the movie THE ADDAMS FAMILY, Cousin It drives up in something that looks suspiciously like a Dymaxion car. ___ <(*)> Winchell Chung ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 19 Jul 1994 09:25:13 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Summer and Hoek Survey Subject: E-mail Survey X-To: dpmast-l@cmsuvmb.BITNET, EDISTA@USACHVM1.BITNET, emusic-l@auvm.american.edu, FLEXWORK@PSUHMC.BITNET X-cc: HEPNET-J@JPNKEKBVM.BITNET, HISTORYA@IWAVM.BITNET, INFO-MICRO-REQUEST@WSMR-SIMTEL20.ARMY.MIL Warning: Please do not return the survey by using the reply function as this may send a copy to your discussion list. Thank you. DS & MH ATTENTION: THIS SURVEY IS BEING SENT TO MULTIPLE ELECTRONIC MAILING NETWORKS AND BULLETIN BOARDS. IF THIS POST IS A DUPLICATE, PLEASE DISREGARD. WE APOLOGIZE FOR ANY INCONVENIENCE THIS MAY HAVE CAUSED YOU. Dear Virtual Friend - In recent months there has been much discussion regarding uses and abuses of electronic mail (e-mail). In this survey we wish to explore the impact e-mail has on our personal, professional and academic lives. This survey is being conducted by researchers at the University of Nevada. It has been sent to members of randomly selected on-line networks from a master list of lists containing over 1,400 discussion list addresses. Depending on your experience with the issues involved, the survey will take between 10 and 30 minutes to complete. Your participation is completely voluntary, however, in order to gather a fair impression about opinions concerning these issues, it is important that as many people as possible respond to this survey. Please be assured that your answers will be kept COMPLETELY CONFIDENTIAL. Records of identification will be deleted immediately upon receipt of each survey. Please direct any questions concerning the survey or a copy of the results to Denny Summer or Mel Hoek, e-mail address: SHSURVEY@NEVADA.EDU. Any questions regarding the rights of research subjects should be directed to the Office of Research Administration at (702) 895- 1357. HOW TO RESPOND: PLEASE RETURN SURVEY TO: SHSURVEY@NEVADA.EDU 1. You may use your editor to fill out the survey and either forward or otherwise return it to us via our e-mail address. 2. You may download the survey to your personal computer, fill out the survey, upload to your server, and return it via our e-mail address. 3. You may return to us only your responses via our e-mail address, by either reading it off your computer screen or by using the "print screen" command and obtaining a hard copy. 4. If you would like to participate, but are not sure how to respond, please e-mail us and we will make arrangements. Your participation is much appreciated and we would like to thank you for your time and insight. For a copy of the results please send a separate message to SHSURVEY@NEVADA.EDU with a single line "request copy of results." Sincerely, Denny Summer Mel Hoek University of Nevada ----------------------------------------------------------------- SECTION ONE In this first section of the questionnaire we would like to know about the different uses that you have for your electronic mail account. For each question please place an "x" by the most appropriate response. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Q1. During an average week (7 days), how often would you say you log-on to your electronic mail account? 1. [ ] more than once a day 2. [ ] once a day 3. [ ] four to six times a week 4. [ ] one to three times a week 5. [ ] I don't log-on weekly Q2. For what purposes have you used your electronic mail account? Please indicate all that apply. 1. [ ] academic research 2. [ ] personal communication 3. [ ] work related 4. [ ] professional or work related research 5. [ ] mailing lists or bulletin boards 6. [ ] information sharing 7. [ ] converse with colleagues 8. [ ] converse with friends 9. [ ] establish friendships 10. [ ] establish intimate relationships 11. [ ] establishing business contacts 12. [ ] part of a class 13. [ ] other (please specify) Q3. In general would you say that your use of electronic mail is mainly for personal correspondence, for entertainment purposes, for educational or for work related purposes? [MARK ONE] 1. [ ] personal correspondence 2. [ ] entertainment 3. [ ] educational 4. [ ] work Q4. Is it essential to, OR required by your work that you use electronic mail? 1. [ ] yes 2. [ ] no Q5. How many electronic mailing lists or bulletin boards do you currently subscribe to? ----------------------------------------------------------------- SECTION TWO ----------------------------------------------------------------- In this next section we would like to ask you some general questions about communication styles over electronic mail. Please indicate your level of disagreement or agreement with the following statements by placing an "x" by the most appropriate response. Strongly Strongly disagree Disagree Agree agree Q6. People tend to 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 3. [ ] 4. [ ] write things on e-mail that they would not ordinarily say in face-to-face conversation. Q7. People tend to be 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 3. [ ] 4. [ ] more truthful on e-mail than they are in face- to-face conversations. Q8. People tend to be 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 3. [ ] 4. [ ] more self-serving on e-mail than they are in face-to-face conversations. Q9. People tend to be 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 3. [ ] 4. [ ] more aggressive on e-mail than they are in face-to-face conversations. Q10. I have noticed that 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 3. [ ] 4. [ ] men and women communicate differently on e-mail. Q11. I find it less 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 3. [ ] 4. [ ] intimidating to communicate with some people over e-mail. ----------------------------------------------------------------- SECTION THREE In this next section, we would like to ask you some questions regarding the appropriateness of certain activities over electronic mail. Q12. The following is a list of behaviors which have occurred over electronic mail. ASSUMING EACH BEHAVIOR IS UNSOLICITED, please indicate which, if any, you would consider to be inappropriate for e-mail communication by placing an "x" in the box of all that apply. 1. [ ] sexually explicit messages 2. [ ] sexually or racially oriented jokes 3. [ ] foul language 4. [ ] requests for sexual favors 5. [ ] sexually explicit computer graphics 6. [ ] repeated requests for personal contact 7. [ ] interruptions using the "talk" feature 8. [ ] surveys sent through electronic mail 9. [ ] advertisements sent through electronic mail 10. [ ] calls for papers sent through electronic mail 11. [ ] personalized demeaning comments regarding a person's race, class, gender, or sexual orientation/ identity 12. [ ] personalized demeaning comments regarding a person's intellect 13. [ ] questions about one's physical appearance. 14. [ ] questions of a personal nature 15. [ ] flaming 16. [ ] forwarding personal messages without consent 17. [ ] none Q13 Are there any other behaviors which you feel are inappropriate for e-mail communication that you would like to add to this list? (please specify) Q14 Do you think it is possible to be harassed over electronic mail? 1. [ ] Yes 2. [ ] No If "yes", please go to the next question, Q15. If "no", please skip to SECTION FOUR, Q29. Q15 Considering those behaviors in Q12 which you marked as inappropriate for e-mail communication, Do you feel that any of them could be considered harassment, either sexual, racial, or harassment based upon sexual orientation/ identity? 1. [ ] yes (PLEASE INDICATE WHICH BEHAVIORS BY FILLING IN THE N UMBER WHICH CORRESPONDS FROM Q12) 2. [ ] no Q16 Is there any behavior which you feel could be considered harassment that you would like to add to this list? 1. [ ] yes (please specify) 2. [ ] no Q17 Have you ever been sexually or racially harassed, or have you experienced harassment due to your sexual orientation/ identity over electronic mail? 1. [ ] yes 2. [ ] no If yes, please go to next question, Q18 If no, please skip to SECTION FOUR, Q29 Q18 Where did you experience this harassment? Were you: [MARK ALL THAT APPLY] 1. [ ] on a personal account 2. [ ] on a work-related account 3. [ ] on a school-related account 4. [ ] other (please specify) Q19 Did you know the identity of the person(s) who harassed you? 1. [ ] yes 2. [ ] no 3. [ ] in some cases (more than one incident) Q20 Was the perpetrator male or female? or have you experienced harassment from both males and females? 1. [ ] male 2. [ ] female 3. [ ] both 4. [ ] don't know the identity of perpetrator(s) Q21 Was the harassment you experienced over e-mail SEXUAL in nature? 1. [ ] yes 2. [ ] no If yes, please briefly explain the situation(s). Q22 Was the harassment you experienced over e-mail RACIAL in nature? 1. [ ] yes 2. [ ] no If yes, please briefly explain the situation(s). Q23 Was the harassment you experienced over e-mail due to your SEXUAL ORIENTATION/IDENTITY? 1. [ ] yes 2. [ ] no If yes, please briefly explain the situation(s). Q24 The following is a list of reactions that people have reported having after being harassed. Please tell us if any of the following apply to your feelings regarding your experiences by answering yes or no to the following statements. (MARK THE CORRECT RESPONSE). Yes No a. I felt flattered. 1. [ ] 2. [ ] b. I felt angry. 1. [ ] 2. [ ] c. I felt guilty. 1. [ ] 2. [ ] d. I felt powerless. 1. [ ] 2. [ ] e. I felt surprised. 1. [ ] 2. [ ] f. I felt embarrassed. 1. [ ] 2. [ ] g. I felt frightened. 1. [ ] 2. [ ] h. I felt violated. 1. [ ] 2. [ ] i. I felt betrayed 1. [ ] 2. [ ] j. Are there any additional feelings or emotions which characterized your experience that you would like to add to this list? 1. [ ] yes (please specify) 2. [ ] no Q25 The following is a list of physical or emotional responses associated with harassment. Please indicate if you have experienced any of them as a result of being harassed over electronic mail by placing an "x" by THE MOST APPROPRIATE RESPONSE(S). Yes No N/A a. increased irritability 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] b. change of attitude toward school 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] c. decrease in work quality 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] d. muscular tension 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] e. nervousness on campus 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] f. nausea 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] g. depression 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] h. crying spells 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] i. feelings of low self-esteem 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] j. nervous tension 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] h. decrease in school productivity 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] i. weight loss or gain 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] j. anxiety at home 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] k. headaches 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] l. anxiety at school 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] m. anxiety at work 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] n. change of attitude toward work 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] o. change of attitude toward e-mail 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] p. decrease in work productivity 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] q. Are there any physical or emotional responses that you experienced as a result of being harassed that you would like to add to this list? 1. [ ] yes (please specify) 2. [ ] no Q26 The following is a list of possible responses to being harassed. Please tell us if any of these characterized your FIRST reaction to being harassed over electronic mail by answering "yes" or "no" to the following statements. Yes No N/A a. I ignored the harassment 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] b. I told the harasser to stop 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] c. I removed myself from the 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] electronic network d. I quit my job because of the 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] harassment e. I dropped a course the harasser 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] was in or teaching f. I discussed the harassment with 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] someone I trust g. I decreased my use of e-mail 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] h. I stopped using e-mail 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] i. I reported the harassment 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] j. Are there any other FIRST reactions to having been harassed that you would like to add to this list? 1. [ ] yes (please specify) 2. [ ] no Q27 Considering all of your responses, OTHER THAN YOUR FIRST REACTION, to having been harassed, please indicate if any of the following characterized your SUBSEQUENT responses by answering "yes" or "no" to the following statements. [CHECK ALL THAT APPLY] Yes No N/A a. I ignored the harassment 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] b. I reported the harassment 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] c. I told the harasser to stop 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] d. I removed myself from the 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] electronic network e. I quit my job because of the 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] harassment f. I dropped a course the harasser 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] was in or teaching g. I discussed the harassment with 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] someone I trust h. I decreased my use of e-mail 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] i. I stopped using e-mail 1. [ ] 2. [ ] 9. [ ] j. Is there any response to having been harassed that you would like to add to this list? 1. [ ] yes (please specify) 2. [ ] no Q28 If you reported the harassment, briefly describe what, if any, official or unofficial measures were taken to prevent or stop the harassment from occurring again? ----------------------------------------------------------------- SECTION FOUR In this last section we are interested in some information about yourself which will help in the statistical analysis of this study. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Q29 What is your age? years Q30 What is your gender? 1. [ ] female 2. [ ] male Q31 Are you a U.S. citizen? 1. [ ] yes 2. [ ] no PLEASE SKIP NEXT QUESTION (Q32) AND INDICATE WHAT COUNTRY YOU ARE A CITIZEN OF. Q32 In which category of ethnic background would you classify yourself? 1. [ ] Spanish, Hispanic, or Mexican American 2. [ ] Indian or Native American 3. [ ] Black or African American 4. [ ] Asian American or Pacific Islander 5. [ ] White or European American, non-Hispanic 6. [ ] Other (please specify) Q33 What is your marital status? Are you: 1. [ ] single, never married 2. [ ] single, divorced 3. [ ] married 4. [ ] widow 5. [ ] live with partner, not married Q34 What is your sexual orientation or identity? Are you: 1. [ ] gay 2. [ ] lesbian 3. [ ] bi-sexual 4. [ ] heterosexual 5. [ ] celibate Q35 On domestic social policy issues, would you consider yourself to be: 1. [ ] very liberal 2. [ ] liberal 3. [ ] middle of the road 4. [ ] conservative 5. [ ] very conservative Q36 What is your highest level of educational attainment? 1. [ ] less than high school 2. [ ] high school 3. [ ] some college 4. [ ] Associate's degree 5. [ ] Bachelor's degree 6. [ ] Master's degree 7. [ ] Doctorate or Professional degree 8. [ ] Post-doctoral work 9. [ ] Medical degree Q37 Are you affiliated with a university? 1. [ ] yes 2. [ ] no Q38 What is your occupation? Q39 What is your yearly household income (in U.S. dollars) before taxes? Is it: 1. [ ] Less than $15,000 2. [ ] $15,000-$24,999 3. [ ] $25,000-$39,999 4. [ ] $40,000-$49,999 5. [ ] $50,000-$59,999 6. [ ] $60,000-$69,999 7. [ ] $70,000-$99,999 8. [ ] $100,000 or more Please write any additional comments you wold like to make about any of the questions or issues in this questionnaire. Thank you once again for your assistance. ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 19 Jul 1994 10:30:30 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Lee Wood Subject: sci-fi sitcom (Was: LOOKING FOR...) Jeff Weiner wrote: > KU> From: Kirby Urner > > KU> That's pretty sad about BFI not having Synergetics II. Seems like > KU> Bucky is fading fast from a peak level of interest... > >How `bout a sci-fi sitcom where the hero has his own Dymaxion vehicle? I seem to recall a terrible sitcom from the early sixties (?) in which sleuth Rob Cummins (?) drove a car which converted into an airplane. I only mention it because the car/plane could well have been based upon a Bucky idea, but the show did nothing toward promoting high ideals of any sort. How about a 30 minute speacial a la James Burke's "Connections", or A&E's "Biography"? =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Lee Wood | Lee_Wood@sfu.ca | INTJ spoken here. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 19 Jul 1994 21:44:59 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: In-line cable clamps Has anyone seen the in-line cable clamps used for utility-pole guy wires? The clamps do not have any perpendicular bolts, and have a U loop on the ground side (which is tied down). The steel cable goes right through the unit unbroken and untwisted, leaving a small stub of cable out the U loop end. The cable has no connection with the U loop itself - that is part of the connector housing. Finally, the unit is about 6 or 7 (~15cm) inches long, cone shaped, and about an inch and 3/4 thick (~8cm). The reason I ask, is because it appears to be an ideal connector for a variety of tensegrities - one which I had conceptualized but for which I had not found a good implimentation. Does anyone know if similar units exist for other size factors (esp. for desktop modelling), or know if the internal design relies on the use of pincers/teeth to grip? (The latter would make the design less attractive for monofilament lines.) Some ASCII 'art' follows the sig. -------------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ---------------------------------------------------------- I I I <---- steel cable I /I\ / \ / \ <---- conical housing / \ / \ | | /-|_________|-\ <--- apparent section of housing | \___ ___/ | | I <-- | <<------- end of steel cable, protruding | I | | | \ / <----- U loop affixed to housing \_______/ ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 19 Jul 1994 21:44:41 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II Hawku (I think) posted a reply regarding a note I made on toys. Unfortunately, my email robot download choked on some large posts amd I lost the content of the message. All I saw was "great idea" or something to that effect. I've thought about this for some time. There are a small number of Synergetics-derived toys out there, but they lack some characteristics. First, the toys are relatively sophisticated even for some adults. This provides a roadblock to initial use. Second, those that are simple (and even those that are not) aren't easilly conglomerated to form higher-frequency structures. Most of these toys lack ubiquity, and it isn't just because people are tuned into rectilinear arrangements. You can't just snap-snap-snap (snap-snap-snap-snap-snap....) and experiment with a/symetric shapes. You can't do this with lego's either - they only allow arbitrary shapes - but at least lego's are mass-produced (read "about 3 to 5 cents apiece") and they encourage experimenting with conglomerations. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 19 Jul 1994 21:44:25 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: JPEG Geodesic Sphere While I appreciate the fact that the JPEGs are of interest to many, the posts take up alot of timespace on my email system. Perhaps my situation is unique - I access the list through Delphi with a 'robot' program - but perhaps there others who would care to comment on this aspect of posting. If there are more inconvenienced than not, it might be a good idea to use a posting like Subj : JPEG Such-and-such is now available Message JPEG Such-and-such is now available via anonymous ftp from thissys in the ~pub/uploads directory. Those without ftp access can request a uuencoded version from me via email. The JPEG has also been posted to the group. But if I'm an unusual case here, I'll shut up about it. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 00:53:18 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: Re: JPEG Geodesic Sphere In-Reply-To: Message of Tue, 19 Jul 1994 21:44:25 -0400 from On Tue, 19 Jul 1994 21:44:25 -0400 said: >While I appreciate the fact that the JPEGs are of interest to many, the >posts take up alot of timespace on my email system. Perhaps my situation is >unique - I access the list through Delphi with a 'robot' program - but >perhaps there others who would care to comment on this aspect of posting. >If there are more inconvenienced than not, it might be a good idea to use a >posting like This is a good idea. But the FAQ was even longer than the JPEG's. I think the FAQ should be posted here regularly - to help newcomers. This would probably short-circuit your robot too. Any one with solutions? > Subj : JPEG Such-and-such is now available > Message JPEG Such-and-such is now available via anonymous ftp from > thissys in the ~pub/uploads directory. Those without > ftp access can request a uuencoded version from me via email. > The JPEG has also been posted to the usenet-newsgroup here> group. > >But if I'm an unusual case here, I'll shut up about it. >---------------------------------------------------------------------- >Mitch C. Amiano >amiano@delphi.com Christopher J. Fearnley cfearnl@pacs.pha.pa.us fearnlcj@duvm.ocs.drexel.edu fearnlcj@duvm.bitnet ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 09:50:18 +0100 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Andy Wardley Subject: Re: JPEG Geodesic Sphere In-Reply-To: <9407200515.AA20551@Q.icl.co.uk> from "Chris Fearnley" at Jul 20, 94 00:53:18 am Chris Fearnley writes: >This is a good idea. But the FAQ was even longer than the JPEG's. I think >the FAQ should be posted here regularly - to help newcomers. This would >probably short-circuit your robot too. Any one with solutions? Yup, post a message every week saying "The FAQ is available from ...." Or just post the index (question list) and say "the answers are available from..." Cheers Andy This Spot Is Allowed whatever K says. Here, have some Andy Wardley chocolate, it's Terry's. No smug bait for Derek. M#0 abw@oasis.icl.co.uk Badgers are your friends. OK, so they don't frink but have you seen them forage? DAMN! I've run out of sp ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 08:33:15 CST Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Tom Dosemagen Subject: Re: Residential Domes I built my dome 15 years ago and I checked out all of the dome companies and found that the Natural Spaces had the best system by far. Give them a call and ask for their All About Domes book, compare it with what you get from Timberline Geodesics and then you tell me which system you think is the best. ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 09:01:00 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "H. Jeffrey Rosen" Subject: Re: JPEG Geodesic Sphere On Tue, 19 Jul 1994 21:44:25 -0400 said: >While I appreciate the fact that the JPEGs are of interest to many, the >posts take up alot of timespace on my email system. Perhaps my situation is >unique - I access the list through Delphi with a 'robot' program - but >perhaps there others who would care to comment on this aspect of posting. >If there are more inconvenienced than not, it might be a good idea to use a >posting like This is a good idea. But the FAQ was even longer than the JPEG's. I think the FAQ should be posted here regularly - to help newcomers. This would probably short-circuit your robot too. Any one with solutions? > Subj : JPEG Such-and-such is now available > Message JPEG Such-and-such is now available via anonymous ftp from > thissys in the ~pub/uploads directory. Those without > ftp access can request a uuencoded version from me via email. > The JPEG has also been posted to the usenet-newsgroup here> group. > >But if I'm an unusual case here, I'll shut up about it. >---------------------------------------------------------------------- >Mitch C. Amiano >amiano@delphi.com Christopher J. Fearnley cfearnl@pacs.pha.pa.us fearnlcj@duvm.ocs.drexel.edu fearnlcj@duvm.bitnet =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Mitch Amiano's motion seconded: Publish periodic pointers to the FAQ, JPEG files and other lengthy files, but take them out of the discussion group's domain. H. Jeffrey Rosen HJ.ROSEN@SRS.GOV ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 10:00:19 EDT Reply-To: dkap@vax.ftp.com Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "A Page in the Life of ..." Subject: JPEGs are available In-Reply-To: Chris Fearnley's message of Wed, 20 Jul 1994 00:53:18 EDT <199407200506.BAA17773@cs.brandeis.edu> > Subj : JPEG Such-and-such is now available > Message JPEG Such-and-such is now available via anonymous ftp from > switchboard.ftp.com in the /bucky directory. They are available currently. The jpegs are: curVE1.F sphere tenseg-6 tenseg-7 The postscript translations of jpegs are: tenseg-6 tenseg-7 I am willing to put up the faq, (but I lost it) in it's entirity in any or all formats here. Thanks. -- A Fransican Friar in SF is handing out "50% off" coupons for penance. So if you're given 30 "Hail Marys" after confessing your sins, you can use your coupon and only do 15 "Hail Marys" for your penance. -- Ben ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 10:52:42 EDT Reply-To: dkap@vax.ftp.com Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "A Page in the Life of ..." Subject: JPEGs are available In-Reply-To: Chris Fearnley's message of Wed, 20 Jul 1994 00:53:18 EDT <199407200506.BAA17773@cs.brandeis.edu> > Subj : JPEG Such-and-such is now available > Message JPEG Such-and-such is now available via anonymous ftp from > switchboard.ftp.com in the /bucky directory. They are available currently. The jpegs are: curVE1.F sphere tenseg-6 tenseg-7 The postscript translations of jpegs are: tenseg-6 tenseg-7 I am willing to put up the faq, (but I lost it) in it's entirity in any or all formats here. They are also available at http://switchboard.ftp.com/1/BF/ Thanks. -- The geographical center of Boston is in Roxbury. Due north of the center we find the South End. This is not to be confused with South Boston which lies directly east from the South End. North of the South End is East Boston and southwest of East Boston is the North End. ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 11:53:31 -0500 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Bill Long Organization: SUNY at Plattsburgh, New York, USA Subject: Re: JPEG Geodesic Sphere >Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 09:50:18 +0100 >From: Andy Wardley > >Chris Fearnley writes: >>This is a good idea. But the FAQ was even longer than the JPEG's. I think >>the FAQ should be posted here regularly - to help newcomers. This would >>probably short-circuit your robot too. Any one with solutions? >Yup, post a message every week saying "The FAQ is available from ...." > >Or just post the index (question list) and say "the answers are available >from..." Also there is a message sent to bitnet subscribers explaining how to send commands to the listserver for the archive index and retrieve specific archive files. I assume the geodesic.faqs (and now also sphere.jpg) are already in there (unless no archives are being kept). I agree that there should be an ftp site where the latest version of the faq, the archive of list messages, some data compression programs, and also images can be stored and accessed. Then once a month a message sent to the list telling everyone the address and login proceedure of the site for the benefit of new members. Of course at least one member (the owner perhaps) will have to volunteer to keep a personal archive of all these files for the purpose of e- mailing them to those who don't have ftp capability. In the future perhaps very large files could be sent to the various list members as network vms/dump files to be received. It would be little problem to send the review geodesic command (again to the listserver NOT the list itself!) to get a list of members and then rename that as a .dis file (distribution list) so the file could be sent to the entire list membership... except those who specifically notified the sender that they did not wish to receive it. I don't know if this method would work for someone wishing to send such a file from a bbs, since I enjoy the privilege of having a vax account here at SUNY with bitnet and internet access. Bill Long >-- StarGazer just my $.02 worth ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 18:12:04 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II X-To: GEODESIC%UBVM.BITNET@GWUVM.GWU.EDU Hawku writes > From: Hawku > Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364) > Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II > To: Multiple recipients of list GEODESIC > > In article <01HETF3JSIY09AT8X2@delphi.com>, "" > writes: > > >But on a more directly constructive note, I would suggest that if I > >wanted > >to facilitate the dissemination of subtle and often neglected geometric > >truths, I would choose to pursue a systematic toy for a wide age group, > >and try to make it interesting in it's own right. A kind of Synergetic > Lego > >or Tensegritic Tinker-Toy. > > Mitch, I think this is an excellent idea. How about a transparent > close-packed sphere toy showing the 8 tetrahedron and 6 half-octahedron of > the Vector Equilibrium imbedded within in different transparent colors? > It would make a nice paperweight/object d'art and stimulate synergetic > thinking. A companion piece could be a similar close-packed sphere > octahedron for building the IVM. > > Richard Hawkins > There is a collecters catalog that I own with a picture of this very objet d'art. What about Tensegritoy? ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 18:20:26 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II X-To: GEODESIC%UBVM.BITNET@GWUVM.GWU.EDU > From: Michael Sklaroff > Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II > To: Multiple recipients of list GEODESIC > In-Reply-To: <199407160036.AA24341@mailhub.cc.columbia.edu> > > Interesting points about the promotion of Fuller's ideas to the > non-cognoscenti. > > Didn't Bucky say something to the effect of never showing his work unless > requested to? > > It seems best to keep places like this going for those who are > interested, and to make sure that when people or organizations use > Fuller's ideas without attribution (Disney's Epcot structure, for > example) somebody lets them know about it. > > Michael Sklaroff ms401@columbia.edu > Bucky resolved "never to speak informatatively to anyone, unless asked to do so". I've been grappling with this one ever since I read it, since I do have a tendency to proseltyze. I don't think this would preclude publishing software or bringing other products to public attention since those people who purchase the product are in effect asking to be further informed. It would likely depend on the manner in which these projects are carried out. ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 18:28:04 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: Residential Domes > > >Try calling Natural Spaces at 1-800-733-7107. They have the best connector > >system in the business. > > That's quite a statement... > > What do you think of places like Timberline Geodesics?? > > -matthew > Second Best connector system on the market. Don't use connector systems with a singly metal plate that slides into a slot in the struts. Extra washers add assembly time and the stress distribution can't be as good. Natural spaces understands air flow and their info book is very educational. GDI should also be examined since they have a unit triangle panelized system that has the drywall preattached. (Finding a Geodesic Drywall mechanic is one of the common problems with residential domes) ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 18:30:56 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II Mitch continued on the toy thread [snip] > > I've thought about this for some time. There are a small number of > Synergetics-derived toys out there, but they lack some characteristics. > First, the toys are relatively sophisticated even for some adults. > This provides a roadblock to initial use. Second, those that are simple (and > even those that are not) aren't easilly conglomerated to form > higher-frequency structures. > > Most of these toys lack ubiquity, and it isn't just because people are tuned > into rectilinear arrangements. You can't just snap-snap-snap > (snap-snap-snap-snap-snap....) and experiment with a/symetric shapes. > You can't do this with lego's either - they only allow arbitrary shapes - > but at least lego's are mass-produced (read "about 3 to 5 cents apiece") > and they encourage experimenting with conglomerations. > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > Mitch C. Amiano > amiano@delphi.com > Ever used Zaks. Neat toy, retail failure. ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 18:34:19 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: JPEG Geodesic Sphere > From: "" > Subject: Re: JPEG Geodesic Sphere [snip] > If there are more inconvenienced than not, it might be a good idea to use a > posting like > Subj : JPEG Such-and-such is now available > Message JPEG Such-and-such is now available via anonymous ftp from > thissys in the ~pub/uploads directory. Those without > ftp access can request a uuencoded version from me via email. > The JPEG has also been posted to the usenet-newsgroup here> group. > > But if I'm an unusual case here, I'll shut up about it. > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > Mitch C. Amiano > amiano@delphi.com > As a system adminstrator on this end, I always have time/space problems. I guess such a posting mechnaism would help me but since I don't use uuencode yet, I've just been wiping them out when I get them. ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 18:35:44 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: In-line cable clamps Neat idea. How about boating goods stores? ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 18:37:07 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: JPEG Geodesic Sphere All of which brings me back to my earlier question. Does this list have and owner anymore? ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 21:22:41 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Pitr Milleson <100067.1777@COMPUSERVE.COM> Subject: JPEGs >While I appreciate the fact that the JPEGs are of interest to many, the posts take up alot of timespace on my email system. >If there are more inconvenienced than not, First, I am a new subscriber and have only recently read some of Mr. Fuller's works. Second, I have truly enjoyed the many JPEGs that I have received. As a matter of fact, I have tenseg-7 as my wallpaper in windows. (thanks :-) Unfortunately, the only internet access I have is through CompuServe which as many may know is not a good place to access internet. I would rather download a large GEODESIC digest than have to go through the trouble of anonymous FTP through CI$ mail. Please keep them coming, they are some of the most interesting graphics I have seen in long while. Unless, of course, I am a minority. One question though, my UUENCODE/DECODE 5.21 has had problems decoding some of the recent JPEG, ie: Geodesic Sphere by Hawku@AOL.COM. I've tried both methods but they still find an invalid character in the first line. With my decoder it isn't the quotation mark, it's the "|". What encoder are you using? Are you XX-encoding or basic? It looks to be basic but in my documentation that character is not supported. Any help would be appreciated. "I seem to be a verb." -R.Buckminster Fuller Peace, Pitr. ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:01:40 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II In-Reply-To: Message of Wed, 20 Jul 1994 18:30:56 EST/EDT from On Wed, 20 Jul 1994 18:30:56 EST/EDT said: >Mitch continued on the toy thread > >[snip] >> >> I've thought about this for some time. There are a small number of >> Synergetics-derived toys out there, but they lack some characteristics. >> First, the toys are relatively sophisticated even for some adults. >> This provides a roadblock to initial use. Second, those that are simple (and >> even those that are not) aren't easilly conglomerated to form >> higher-frequency structures. >> >> Most of these toys lack ubiquity, and it isn't just because people are tuned >> into rectilinear arrangements. You can't just snap-snap-snap >> (snap-snap-snap-snap-snap....) and experiment with a/symetric shapes. >> You can't do this with lego's either - they only allow arbitrary shapes - >> but at least lego's are mass-produced (read "about 3 to 5 cents apiece") >> and they encourage experimenting with conglomerations. >> >> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ >> Mitch C. Amiano >> amiano@delphi.com >> > >Ever used Zaks. Neat toy, retail failure. I visited the Geometry Forum at Swarthmore U (just outside Philly here). They had the Zome Tool - there's a really neat snap-snap-snap-snap toy! I wish I could have played for more than a few minutes. The connectors (vertices) are icosahedral in geometry (with tringles for center of face rectangles for edge center and pentagons at vertices). They have struts (plastic jobs) that have triangular, rectangular and pentagonal ends that fit into the vertices. Pretty neat tool for exploring those types of geometries. BTW, you can find out more about the Geometry Forum by e-mail (annie@forum.swarthmore.edu) or checking our their newsgroups geometry.* or they even advertise a 800 number ( 1-800-756-7823) Christopher J. Fearnley cfearnl@pacs.pha.pa.us fearnlcj@duvm.ocs.drexel.edu fearnlcj@duvm.bitnet ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 Jul 1994 23:55:13 -0700 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: RETURN Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II In-Reply-To: Message of Sun, 10 Jul 1994 21:37:12 -0400 from On Sun, 10 Jul 1994 21:37:12 -0400 Hawku said: >I have been looking for a copy of Synergetics II for several years. I have >tried Booklook and other book search organizations to no avail. Any clues >or pointers would be greatly appreciated. Having recently discovered this >newsgroup, I am delighted to find an ongoing discussion of Fuller's ideas >and hope to make some contribution soon. > > Richard >Hawkins Alcuin Books in Phoenix, Arizona, found me two copies, one much less expensive than the other, but the other is still (perhaps) out there. I'm sorry I don't have the name or the telephone number, Phoenix information is 1-602-555-1212. Took 6 weeks. Good luck. Sandy Cohn Sanford J. Cohn, Ph.D. Special Education Arizona State University Mail Code = 2011 965-1448, FAX 965-0223 ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 21 Jul 1994 09:36:56 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: JPEGs Welcome to Pitr. As a new explorer of Synergetic Universe, how do like Chris's FAQ. Which reminds me... Chris, is it alright with you if I include your FAQ in my Science and Engineering Apprenticeship workshops here at the University? ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 21 Jul 1994 12:27:42 -0600 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Kurt Bendl Subject: List owners I sent a REVIEW command to GEODESIC and got a list of our E-mail addresses... including the list "owners". Here's who LISTSERV thinks "owns" the list: * Newsgroups= Bit.Listserv.Geodesic * Notebook= Yes,N5/ACSSFS:LISTSERV.GEODESIC,Monthly,Public * Errors-to= Owner * * OWNER= majcher@acsu.buffalo.edu (Marc Majcher) * OWNER= salsbury@acsu.buffalo.edu (Patrick G. Salsbury) * Thanks for asking! It gave me an article idea! Take care, Kurt Kurt Bendl, Editor-in-Chief, Inside the Internet kurt@kassad.cobb.ziff.com (502) 493-3300 x3602 (800) 223-8720 ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 21 Jul 1994 14:16:04 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Dome Fan Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364) Subject: Re: Looking for dome designs, kits, (clues) In article <0097FB04.FB0EC840.24@uwwvax.uww.edu>, Tom Dosemagen writes: You might alto call Timberline Geodesics at 1-800-DOME-HOME (1-800-366-3466). They have some free information ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 21 Jul 1994 17:08:42 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: List owners Pat Salsbury. He's the owner that I got to know when I first joined this list 4 years ago. Are either of these two trailblazers still around? Do we need to designate a new owner? Can I do a REV Geodesic and get a member list too or is that a confidential Item? ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 21 Jul 1994 20:52:41 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: JPEG Geodesic Sphere I guess you're right - the FAQ is pretty large, and it _does_ choke my robot somewhat. You are also right in saying that it benefits newbies, but one reason for posting a FAQ is presumably to cut down on the level of frequently asked questions. On the other hand, posting a FAQ on a monthly basis or so is a kind of expected behavior for lists and USENET newsgroups, and I think it _should_ be posted when substantial revisions have taken place and at regular (albeit lengthy) time intervals. Minor revisions can be served better through a small posted notice. -------------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 21 Jul 1994 22:05:20 -0400 Reply-To: habs@panix.com Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Harry S. Hawk" Subject: Re: List owners In-Reply-To: <199407220009.AA22845@panix.com> from "DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU" at Jul 21, 94 05:08:42 pm a conscious being, DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU wrote: > Pat Salsbury. He's the owner that I got to know when I first joined > this list 4 years ago. Are either of these two trailblazers still > around? Do we need to designate a new owner? Can I do a REV > Geodesic and get a member list too or is that a confidential Item? Marc can be reached at majcher@warwick.com or majcher@panix.com They are both still active on the net... /hawk ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 21 Jul 1994 23:39:47 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: Re: JPEG Geodesic Sphere In-Reply-To: Message of Thu, 21 Jul 1994 20:52:41 -0400 from On Thu, 21 Jul 1994 20:52:41 -0400 said: >I guess you're right - the FAQ is pretty large, and it _does_ choke my robot >somewhat. You are also right in saying that it benefits newbies, but one >reason for posting a FAQ is presumably to cut down on the level of >frequently asked questions. > >On the other hand, posting a FAQ on a monthly basis or so is a kind of >expected behavior for lists and USENET newsgroups, and I think it _should_ >be posted when substantial revisions have taken place and at regular (albeit >lengthy) time intervals. Minor revisions can be served better through a >small posted notice. OK, I don't have anything big coming up (I don't think I can improve on the tenseg-7.jpg for awhile :). And my next move with the FAQ is to get it on news.answers periodically. So I probably won't post anything big for some time. Could the people with chocking robots and other problems caused by large postings check with their system administrators to find solutions? Then when the FAQ is improved or people start asking for it again, we will have fewer problems. Finally, let me know if I should announce something like "tomorrow I will be posting a very large 3 part JPEG, please take any precautions necessary". [Note: Fuller relevant pictures only here - use the alt.binaries.pictures.* for ALL other pictures. I can say this because all JPEGS have been Fuller-relevant :) ] > >-------------------------------------------------------------------- >Mitch C. Amiano >amiano@delphi.com Christopher J. Fearnley cfearnl@pacs.pha.pa.us fearnlcj@duvm.ocs.drexel.edu fearnlcj@duvm.bitnet ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Jul 1994 00:03:53 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: Re: JPEGs In-Reply-To: Message of Thu, 21 Jul 1994 09:36:56 EST/EDT from On Thu, 21 Jul 1994 09:36:56 EST/EDT said: >Welcome to Pitr. As a new explorer of Synergetic Universe, how do >like Chris's FAQ. > >Which reminds me... Chris, is it alright with you if I include your >FAQ in my Science and Engineering Apprenticeship workshops here at >the University? The FAQ is public domain. Maybe I should put a (C) in it next time? Please be nice and note who did the work - I mean all you guys whose postings I copied from the archives :) Reminds me: I got to find some time to include the great postings of the past 6+ months! Also, some editing/ condensing is needed. Christopher J. Fearnley cfearnl@pacs.pha.pa.us fearnlcj@duvm.ocs.drexel.edu fearnlcj@duvm.bitnet ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Jul 1994 00:17:59 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: Fuller's _Synergetics_ and Sex Identity - For Philosophers :) The weather was very hot and humid today. Since I don't have A/C, I decided to use the air conditioned library. Which led me to the Humanities Citation Index and an article by Prudence Allen, R.S.M (Concordia University) in International Philosophical Quarterly 32(1):3-16 entitled "Fuller's _Synergetics_ and Sex Complementarity". The article had several very interesting features. First, she provides a test-case example of Fuller's principle that the minimum conceptual system is structured tetrahedrally. Concept of Male Concept of Female Description ======================================================================= first vertex: male female Primarily Biological second vertex: masculinity femininity Primarily Psychic (cultural) third vertex: femininity masculinity " fourth vertex: man woman As individuality Allen argues that this tetrahedron of Male and Female is both historically and philosophically tantalizing (if not valid). Second, Allen looks at Fuller's concepts of complementarity and parity (and implicitly the concepts of system, integrity, events, inter-relationships of events in a system - well, basically the whole of Fuller's epistemography) in application to sex identity. She also evaluates several of Fuller's references to male-female complementarity (Synergetics I: 1210, 511.12, 1076.11-12, 1024.15 and others). She quotes Fuller's article "Goddesses of the Twenty-First Century" in Saturday Review 14:(2 March 1986). [Has anyone seen this article?] "Women are tensional and continuous. Each new female as well as male life comes from the womb of the women. We have, then, the new female life as a series of expanding waves, the new ever emerging from within the older wave. Women are continuous. ... "Males are discontinuous. The new life is noncontiguous to the prvious male life. Men are, then, islanded, individual discontinuities." Finally, I noticed that Allen's article is a very interesting piece of scholarly applied synergetics and synergetics' philosophy. She really understands Fuller's philosophy of systems and its inherent complementarity, parity and synergy. Her only real criticism was that Fuller didn't take the next step to viewing man as a person in community and woman as a person in community. Although I don't recall any references to a philosophy of humans in community in _Synergetics_ (besides the electronic voting), I think we need to review Fuller's essays in Ekistics before we can safely claim that Fuller didn't develop any specific thinking regarding communities. Overall, this is a good read for the Fuller scholar looking for philosophical applications to synergetics. [BTW, there is another philosophical essay by Derek A. Kelly "The Philosophy of R. Buckminster Fuller" in International Philosphical Quarterly 22(1982): 295-314. This long essay disappointed me as the author does not seem to have integrated all the pieces of Fuller's philosophy. Well, in my opinion (based on a very cursory examination) Kelly didn't comprehend the full meaning of Fuller's concepts. I'll have to read this one more carefully before passing final judgement.] Christopher J. Fearnley cfearnl@pacs.pha.pa.us fearnlcj@duvm.ocs.drexel.edu fearnlcj@duvm.bitnet ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Jul 1994 10:49:00 EDT Reply-To: dkap@vax.ftp.com Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "A Page in the Life of ..." Subject: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II In-Reply-To: Chris Fearnley's message of Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:01:40 EDT <199407210419.AAA29532@cs.brandeis.edu> Thanks to efforts by great people here ... the faq in ascii, dvi, and sgml are all available by anonftp from switchboard.ftp.com's bucky directory. This is along with the jpegs. (hopfully) comming soon the html version of the faq will be available at http://switchboard.ftp.com/1/BF/ along with the jpegs. Dave K. -- Estimated number of body parts suitable for piercing, according to Gauntlet, a New York City jewelry store: 30 ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Jul 1994 15:25:36 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: JPEG Geodesic Sphere All well and good. Chris you hinted at an HTML version of the FAQ. Any progress? ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Jul 1994 18:41:44 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: In-line cable clamps >Neat idea. How about boating goods stores? Tried some in my area (Rochester, NY) to no avail. Seems that the qualities I'm seeking are of less interest to boaters. A co-worker suggested I look at electronics/mechanical distributors, but I'm short of leads (pardon the pun). --------------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Jul 1994 18:42:02 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II >There is a collecters catalog that I own with a picture of this very >objet d'art. > >What about Tensegritoy? > Bought one each of the medium-sized Tensegritoys for my two nephews, and they really did like them. At the same time, they did have some difficulty with putting them together, and didn't do too much tinkering with them for different forms. Perhaps Tensegritoy doesn't stack up. No - scratch that - it is good for what it does but it doesn't claim to be a general tinkering toy, and it does not appear to be such. Perhaps if the cables were not rubberized (they age like rubber bands) and the design and documentation facilitated generalized asymetrical mockups of large scale artifacts other than geodesics... I note that, in Fuller's Octetruss patent, there is an implimentation disclosed in which the struts are formed by the overlapping edges of aluminum triangular plates with 3 flanges. I tinkered with an alternative (overlapping faces & flanges) form of the same thing in paper. I decided that with a few extensions and mating pieces it could be a real modelling kit; the major drawback being that the paper models were not self-aligning like plastic or metal formed plates would be, so large models tended to show signs of twisting. I then took some empty 1-galon polyethylene water containers, stripped the labels off, cut off and layered the flat sides, and melted them together carefully in a 375-450 degree oven, to get a ~1/8th inch thick laminated sheet. I cut and shaped a plastic prototype of an octet plate of my revised design. It's about 3cm high, and looks pretty neat - but I think my wife would get X-( mad if I do it again soon: melted polyethylene smell even with the fans on and windows open. However, I still think tensegrities look cooler. 8-) --------------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Jul 1994 18:42:15 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II >Ever used Zaks. Neat toy, retail failure. "Zak, Zak, he's a Lego maniac..." - Lego tune, later changed to "Jack, Jack, he's a Lego maniac..." You are *ABSOLUTELY* correct. Neat toys can be dismal failures. So is there any way to provide such gizmos at a reasonable cost for those of us who would fool with them, or are we stuck waiting for the market to do it? I considered the costs of getting a small run of plastic units of my own design produced by a plastics company; it was _way_ out of line with my budget. I still keep an eye out for enabling technologies, though, and if I weren't preoccupied with other things I'd be experimenting on them myself. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 23 Jul 1994 00:43:12 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: HTML version of the FAQ In-Reply-To: Message of Fri, 22 Jul 1994 15:25:36 EST/EDT from On Fri, 22 Jul 1994 15:25:36 EST/EDT said: >All well and good. Chris you hinted at an HTML version of the FAQ. >Any progress? Well, it's next on my things to do :) Hopefully it will be no work at all. Since I converted the FAQ to SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), and I already have a utility for generating HTML from SGML input - should be simple. But I want to download Mosaic and look at it before I release it. I can't put Mosaic on the internet, but I can put it in local mode and look at it (or so the rumor is - I've never played with Mosaic yet). BTW, I uploaded the SGML, ASCII and DVI versions of the FAQ to switchboard.ftp.com I put them in the /pub directory but maybe Dave will move them to the /bucky directory. I didn't compress them, because my internet provider only allows filename of the form 8.8 - and I didn't like the look of fuller.dvi-gz. Dave, feel free to compress them. Christopher J. Fearnley cfearnl@pacs.pha.pa.us fearnlcj@duvm.ocs.drexel.edu fearnlcj@duvm.bitnet ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 23 Jul 1994 11:01:47 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "Phillip A. Mitchem" Subject: Re: HTML version of the FAQ In-Reply-To: <9407230453.AA04062@gsusgi2.gsu.edu> On Sat, 23 Jul 1994, Chris Fearnley wrote: > Since I converted the FAQ to SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), and > I already have a utility for generating HTML from SGML input - should be > simple. But I want to download Mosaic and look at it before I release it. Mosaic is cool! I'm incharge of our department's home page (Client Services at Georgia State University) and I hope to put up our manuals and handouts up on mosaic. Here's what I know about Mosaic. It's very buggie. :) Version 2 alpha 2 seems to be the most stable. I haven't played around with version one so I cann't make a comparison. Mosaic 1.0 - Haven't seen much of it. Mosaic 2a2 - Mostly stable. can't print with it. Mosaic 2a4 - unstable. print text of home pages to laser printer. needs 32bit disk access. Mosaic 2a5 - Mostly unstable. But you can print graphics and text. It to needs 32bit disk access. Our address is 'http://gsusgi2.gsu.edu/~usgwww/home.html' if you need the number 'http://131.96.29.3/home.html' The last one is my pc in my office. If you get an error then it's mostly likely the webserver has crashed or I'm using a memory hog program that won't run under windows. > I can't put Mosaic on the internet, but I can put it in local mode and > look at it (or so the rumor is - I've never played with Mosaic yet). BTW, There maybe a problem doing theis. I have found that I need to get someone else to view a mosaic page (it's best to get someone out side of your domain) because it is possible for you to be able to view the text, link to different sites, load images while someone else will not be able to do the same. If you like I'll give you a hand in this and let you know what it looks like if you can get it up at a ip address. I would also be willing to put it either on my machine or up on the unix box. Mmmm... Maybe I should be asking how large this file is... :) As an aside, I found that mosaic limits the length of a html that it can load. I believe it is around 4000 lines. > I uploaded the SGML, ASCII and DVI versions of the FAQ to switchboard.ftp.com > I put them in the /pub directory but maybe Dave will move them to the /bucky > directory. I didn't compress them, because my internet provider only allows > filename of the form 8.8 - and I didn't like the look of fuller.dvi-gz. > Dave, feel free to compress them. I would be very interested in hearing what steps you took to html a text file. Especially since I'll be doing this in great quanities soon. Take Care, Phillip Mitchem email: usgpam@gsusgi2.gsu.edu Client Services Web Page: http://gsusgi2.gsu.edu/~usgwww/home.html Phillip's Home Page: http://gsusgi2.gsu.edu/~usgpam/phillip.html Amicus usque ad aras. ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 23 Jul 1994 15:12:15 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: Fuller's _Synergetics_ and Sex Ident >Allen argues that this tetrahedron of Male and Female is both >historically and philosophically tantalizing (if not valid). I'm sorry, Chris, but I couldn't help thinking of the following anecdote >From "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!," pg. 53: ...Another time someone gave a talk about poetry. ...he said, "Isn't that the same as in mathematics, Dr. Eisenhart?" Dr. Eisanhart was the dean of the graduate school and a great professor of mathematics. He was also very clever. He said, "I'd like to know what Dick Feynman thinks about it in reference to theoretical physics." He was always putting me on in this kind of situation. I got up and said, "Yes, it's very closely related. In theoretical physics, the analog of the world is the mathematical formula, the analog of the structure of the poem is the interrelationship of the theoretical bling-bling with the so-and-so" --and I went through the whole thing, making a perfect analogy. The speaker's eyes were [italics] beaming [end italics] with happiness. Then I said, "It seems to me that no matter [ital] what [end ital] you say about poetry, I could find a way of making up an analog with [ital] any [end ital] subject, just as I did for theoretical physics. I don't consider such analogs meaningful." ---------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 23 Jul 1994 15:12:01 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: Fuller's _Synergetics_ and Sex Ident >The weather was very hot and humid today. Since I don't have A/C, I >decided to use the air conditioned library. Which led me to the An article in last week's Richmond Times Dispatch tells of how public library usage, particularly in the south, has increased tremendously in the summer. In my small town library, and in many northern libraries it seems, the usage in the summertime falls off dramatically with the heat. An interesting side-effect, I think, of a condition which has nothing to do with personal or societal pursuits. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Jul 1994 10:45:37 EDT Reply-To: dkap@vax.ftp.com Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "A Page in the Life of ..." Subject: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II In-Reply-To: ""'s message of Fri, 22 Jul 1994 18:42:02 -0400 <199407222254.SAA08723@cs.brandeis.edu> Thanks to "Christopher J. Fearnley" , the html version of the faq is available by WWW at http://switchboard.ftp.com/0/BF/fuller-faq.html and the latex version is also available by anonymous ftp from switchboard.ftp.com:/bucky/fuller.latex Thank you for your exaustive work! Dave K. ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Jul 1994 11:28:00 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "H. Jeffrey Rosen" Subject: Re: In-line cable clamps To those in search of cable clamps, etc.: In-line cable fixtures are commonly stocked by manufacturers and distributors of wire rope. A quick scan of my yellow pages at that category identified a source of many sizes of the U-bolt style clamps used for antenna guy lines. Surely such providers exist in most areas, and can steer you to the particular gadget you seek. If not, here's the number of the place I contacted: AYERS WIRE ROPE SERVICE, INC., JACKSON SC (803) 827-1419 Good Luck. hj.rosen@srs.gov ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Jul 1994 11:43:21 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Gordon Wong Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II Pardon me, but could someone kindly inform me how to unsubscribe to this list? Tnank you. -gordon ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Jul 1994 16:53:18 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: In-line cable clamps [snip...] > A co-worker suggested I look at electronics/mechanical distributors, but I'm > short of leads (pardon the pun). > > --------------------------------------------------------------------- > Mitch C. Amiano > amiano@delphi.com > What's to pardon. It's a fine pun. ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Jul 1994 17:02:47 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II > > >Ever used Zaks. Neat toy, retail failure. > > "Zak, Zak, he's a Lego maniac..." - Lego tune, later changed to > "Jack, Jack, he's a Lego maniac..." Yeah, because Zaks inc. (or whatever the company was) sued. [snip] > So is > there any way to provide such gizmos at a reasonable cost for those of us > who would fool with them, or are we stuck waiting for the market to do it? > > I considered the costs of getting a small run of plastic units of my own > design produced by a plastics company; it was _way_ out of line with my > budget. I still keep an eye out for enabling technologies, though, and > if I weren't preoccupied with other things I'd be experimenting on them > myself. > > ------------------------------------------------------------------- > Mitch C. Amiano > amiano@delphi.com > Science News last year had an aritcle about a CAD based prototyping unit where you fed an autocad file into a computer and the system caused a vat of gel to harden only the regions defined by the autocad file. You would then remove your prototype from the gel, Dry it off, test it and send it production. It really lowers the cost of prototyping; once you have this $40K+ machine. Does anybody we know have access to one? ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Jul 1994 17:30:54 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: HTML version of the FAQ Man, it is so easy to get turned around in the web. I went back and realized that the hypertext outline that I was using was not Phillips but just referenced from his page (I think). ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Jul 1994 17:51:04 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: In-line cable clamps Ask and it shall be given. ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Jul 1994 08:39:00 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: David Roach Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II As a reply to getting prototypes made. The system you are talking about is stereo lithography, the leading company in this field is 3D Sytems...I believe they are in California(San Franciso?). There is however a better system(in my opinion) by a company called Stratasys Inc., you can reach them on e-mail at fdm@stratasys.com. They not only sell the machines, but, have service bureaus that will make the prototypes from CAD files. Another alternative, if you have ideas for geometry based toys, is to contact companies that manufacture and distribute these types of products. There is a local company here in Nova Scotia, Canada that manufactures transformational geometry based products and I know that they are always interested in new ideas/concepts. Presently 15% of their product line is manufactured under license to independent designers. I will not mention their name here since it may not be appropriate(I am not familiar with the FAQ of this group), however, if you are interested I can put you in contact. By the way what was ZAK? In message Mon, 25 Jul 1994 17:02:47 EST/EDT, DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU writes: > >> >> >Ever used Zaks. Neat toy, retail failure. >> >> "Zak, Zak, he's a Lego maniac..." - Lego tune, later changed to >> "Jack, Jack, he's a Lego maniac..." >> > > Yeah, because Zaks inc. (or whatever the company was) sued. > > [snip] > >> So is >> there any way to provide such gizmos at a reasonable cost for those >> of us who would fool with them, or are we stuck waiting for the market >> to do it? >> I considered the costs of getting a small run of plastic units of my >> own design produced by a plastics company; it was _way_ out of line >> with my budget. I still keep an eye out for enabling technologies, >> though, and if I weren't preoccupied with other things I'd be >> experimenting on them myself. >> >> ------------------------------------------------------------------- >> Mitch C. Amiano >> amiano@delphi.com >> >> > > Science News last year had an aritcle about a CAD based prototyping > unit where you fed an autocad file into a computer and the system > caused a vat of gel to harden only the regions defined by the autocad > file. You would then remove your prototype from the gel, Dry it off, > test it and send it production. It really lowers the cost of > prototyping; once you have this $40K+ machine. Does anybody we know > have access to one? > * = = = = = * = = = = = * = = = = = * = = = = = * = = = = = * = = = = = * David Roach Phone: (902) 424-8670 Nova Scotia Research Foundation Fax: (902) 424-4679 101 Research Drive, PO Box 790 Internet: droach@nsrfc.ns.ca Dartmouth NS Canada B2Y 3Z7 ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Jul 1994 10:14:39 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II A zak is a unit plastic triangle with connecting interfaces on each edge. They make builiding solid faced polhedra fairly easy and unit tetras and Octas can be constructed so that the will face bond. I have numerous models that I use in teching my University Science and Engineering apprenticeship workshops. (the faces are not a Synergetic "window" and therefore not perfect syngetics model) ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Jul 1994 02:56:58 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II In-Reply-To: Message of Tue, 26 Jul 1994 08:39:00 -0400 from On Tue, 26 Jul 1994 08:39:00 -0400 David Roach said: [Clip] > >Another alternative, if you have ideas for geometry based toys, is to >contact companies that manufacture and distribute these types of products. >There is a local company here in Nova Scotia, Canada that manufactures >transformational geometry based products and I know that they are always >interested in new ideas/concepts. Presently 15% of their product line >is manufactured under license to independent designers. I will not mention >their name here since it may not be appropriate(I am not familiar with the >FAQ of this group), however, if you are interested I can put you in contact. Since everyone is interested in products, I'm collecting a list of relevant organizations/companies/products for the FAQ. This way I hope to reduce the amount of commercial material on the list. Either send company/product info to me or mention it ONCE on the list, I will include it in a future version of the FAQ. Unfortunately, many of the companies/products mentioned in the FAQ are from old postings. If you notice any address/phone changes, please send them to me so I can update the FAQ. You can get the FAQ from the latest log of the list [Send e-mail to listserv@ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu with the one line command "get geodesic log9407". Or by anonymous ftp from switchboard.ftp.com:/bucky - If you can get the LaTeX form of the FAQ, it looks the best, IMO]. > >* = = = = = * = = = = = * = = = = = * = = = = = * = = = = = * = = = = = * >David Roach Phone: (902) 424-8670 >Nova Scotia Research Foundation Fax: (902) 424-4679 >101 Research Drive, PO Box 790 Internet: droach@nsrfc.ns.ca >Dartmouth NS Canada B2Y 3Z7 Christopher J. Fearnley cfearnl@pacs.pha.pa.us fearnlcj@duvm.ocs.drexel.edu fearnlcj@duvm.bitnet ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Jul 1994 09:50:00 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "H. Jeffrey Rosen" Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II [snip] Science News last year had an aritcle about a CAD based prototyping unit where you fed an autocad file into a computer and the system caused a vat of gel to harden only the regions defined by the autocad file. You would then remove your prototype from the gel, Dry it off, test it and send it production. It really lowers the cost of prototyping; once you have this $40K+ machine. Does anybody we know have access to one? Aerospace companies were exploring this technology, which is based on light-curable resins, about five years ago. I suggest contacting them through their community outreach/educational development/public relations channels (if they have such things - many govt. contractors do these days). hj.rosen@srs.gov ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Jul 1994 18:04:39 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Pitr Milleson <100067.1777@COMPUSERVE.COM> Subject: Right Where You Are Sitting Now After having just recently just joined this list, I am very impressed by the amount of true knowledge being exchanged. I have only read Bucky's _Critical_Path_ with Kiyoshi Kuromiya as Adjuvant but plan on reading more when and if I find any. (Anybody know of a mail-order bookstore that ships to Europe?) I first heard of Bucky in a book by Robert Anton Wilson called _Right_Where_You_Are_Sitting_Now_ (Ronin Pub, 1982) and I think (it has been a long time since I read it) Bucky is mentioned in _The_Illuminatus!_Trilogy_ another book by Wilson. The essay in _Right_Where... is only 15 pages but it is very well written and worth checking out. For anyone who is interested in both Bucky and Wilson this is _the_ book to read. Some of Wilson's ideas about Fuller: Post-Einsteinian theology can only begin from Bucky Fuller's proposition , "God is not a noun; God is a verb." Post Einsteinian psychology can only begin from Bucky Fuller's empirical self-observation, "I seem to be a verb." Any comments? Pitr. "The human mind was designed for total success in Universe,"- R. B. F. ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Jul 1994 20:02:46 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II >Science News last year had an aritcle about a CAD based prototyping >unit where you fed an autocad file into a computer and the system >caused a vat of gel to harden only the regions defined by the autocad >file. You would then remove your prototype from the gel, Dry it off, >test it and send it production. It really lowers the cost of >prototyping; once you have this $40K+ machine. Does anybody we know >have access to one? > I read that article! It was an ultraviolet curing polymer, I believe, though other substances and techniques are available. IEEE Computer magazine had an issue dedicated to such fabrication methods (or was it Communications of the ACM?) not too long ago. One other prototyping system used vacuum forming with computer-controlled mold surfaces. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Jul 1994 20:03:00 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: In-line cable clamps > >Ask and it shall be given. > Oh. ... OK... "PuhLEEZE, may I have some information on in-line cable clamps?" :-) --------------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com I didn't start acting so immature until I got an account on Delphi. Then I figured people might not believe my email address unless I did. ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Jul 1994 09:07:35 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: David Roach Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II X-cc: fearnlcj@duvm.ocs.drexel.edu > Since everyone is interested in products, I'm collecting a list of > relevant organizations/companies/products for the FAQ. This way I hope > to reduce the amount of commercial material on the list. Either send > company/product info to me or mention it > ONCE on the list, I will include it in a future version of the FAQ. > Unfortunately, many of the companies/products mentioned in the FAQ are > from old postings. If you notice any address/phone changes, please send > them to me so I can update the FAQ. The company's name is the ORB Factory Ltd., 5 Umlah's Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3P 2G6 Phone: (902) 477-9570. This is a small company and the owner's name is Steven Kay. The company makes what Steve calls "Transformational geometry toys", which are primarily wire, tube and coil based products, based on geometric principles. Steve is a great Bucky fan and I have convinced him to get hooked up to the internet and join this newsgroup. I think he may have a lot to offer and I'm sure he will be interested in the discussions. He should have an e-mail address within the next two weeks, if anyone wishes to contact him in the meantime I can forward messages to him. * = = = = = * = = = = = * = = = = = * = = = = = * = = = = = * = = = = = * David Roach Phone: (902) 424-8670 Nova Scotia Research Foundation Fax: (902) 424-4679 101 Research Drive, PO Box 790 Internet: droach@nsrfc.ns.ca Dartmouth NS Canada B2Y 3Z7 ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 29 Jul 1994 00:47:54 -0400 Reply-To: David Middleton Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: David Middleton Subject: Re: Rapid prototyping geo toys In-Reply-To: <199407280006.UAA10656@mailbox.syr.edu> Steriolithography (UV laser cured epoxy models from computer solid models) has been joined by numerous other techniques. Laminated paper cut by laser. Selective laser sintering, in which powdered plastic, wax, or even metal is melted enough to cohere into a solid object. One method lays down a ribbon of melted material something like a hot glue gun. The genre is also refered to as desktop manufacturing. The common characteristic seems to be that all are layering and the thickness of the layer produced has an impact on precision. The file type needed to drive the machines is .STL. A solid model is usually required but many service bureaus will make them from a 2d CAD file for a price. There is the tough spot, it will still be costly. However the models can be used as patterns to cast duplicates in plastics or metals. Consider also CNC machining, for simple shapes it may be much less expensive. hope to see lots of new fun geometry toys soon. go to it. Midd dmiddlet@mailbox.syr.edu ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 29 Jul 1994 15:06:04 EST/EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU Subject: Re: In-line cable clamps > >Ask and it shall be given. > > > > Oh. ... OK... > > "PuhLEEZE, may I have some information on in-line cable clamps?" > > > :-) > --------------------------------------------------------------------- > Mitch C. Amiano > amiano@delphi.com > > I didn't start acting so immature until I got an account on Delphi. > Then I figured people might not believe my email address unless I did. > Actually, I was commenting on the message where someone gave waht sounded like a good place to look. Can't remember where he said to look though. ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 30 Jul 1994 19:19:04 -0400 Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: "" Subject: Re: In-line cable clamps I made a smart remark and DAMICO replied >Actually, I was commenting on the message where someone gave waht >sounded like a good place to look. Can't remember where he said to >look though. The poster suggested to look up references to 'Wire Rope' suppliers and manufacturers in the Yellow Pages; this will obviously vary from area to area - the Greater Rochester Yellow Pages has one entry under Wire Rope. (Unfortunately, this local supplier has nothing in the scale of what I'm interested in.) I haven't had time to do any foot(phone)work lately, but the last round of calls I made to a variety of possible suppliers turned up nothing. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mitch C. Amiano amiano@delphi.com ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 31 Jul 1994 15:30:55 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: The Butterfly Organization: Evolutionary Acceleration, Inc. Subject: Re: List owners "Harry S. Hawk" writes: -a conscious being, DAMICO@GELMAN.CIRC.GWU.EDU wrote: -> Pat Salsbury. He's the owner that I got to know when I first joined -> this list 4 years ago. Are either of these two trailblazers still -> around? Do we need to designate a new owner? Can I do a REV -> Geodesic and get a member list too or is that a confidential Item? -Marc can be reached at majcher@warwick.com or majcher@panix.com -They are both still active on the net... -/hawk Yeah, we're both still here. I've just been rather busy for the past couple of years. Moved to California, got my Synergy Ball finished and produced, was designing a dome made of high-grade cardboard before I left Buffalo, and am starting to gear up for a longer-term project of designing a high-tech, low-cost, self-sufficient housing system to try and address some of the rampant problems on this planet. :) Nice to see the list is still going strong. I've not actually done any admin, or even much reading of it, in the past couple of years, but I'm happy to see it still fairing well. Life is beginning to settle for me, so you may see me poking around here a bit more often. :) -- Pat ______________________________Think For Yourself_______________________________ Patrick G. Salsbury 1800 Market Street #23, San Francisco, CA 94102 Voicemail: 415/703-7177 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I've seen the wiring under the board. :) ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 31 Jul 1994 15:45:14 GMT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: The Butterfly Organization: Evolutionary Acceleration, Inc. Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II Chris Fearnley writes: ->Another alternative, if you have ideas for geometry based toys, is to ->contact companies that manufacture and distribute these types of products. -Since everyone is interested in products, I'm collecting a list of relevant -organizations/companies/products for the FAQ. This way I hope to reduce the -amount of commercial material on the list. Either send company/product -info to me or mention it ONCE on the list, I -will include it in a future version of the FAQ. Well, here's a blatant plug, and a potential reference, since Chris F. was asking about this via private email: My Synergy Ball is being produced by Design Science Toys, of Tivoli, NY. They're the people who make the Tensegritoys, Octabug, Hoberman Sphere, and a slew of other geodesic and geometry based toys. They've got a nifty catalog which you can get by phoning 1-800-227-2316. In case you weren't here 4-5 years ago when I first designed the Synergy Ball and discussed it here, it's a paper model of a 30-strut tensegrity, and makes a sphere ~9" across which exhibits quite amazing strength when fully assembled. It comes in either red or blue and is priced to retail at under $5. I think you can get 'em from the factory for less. Oh, and if you build one, be sure to hang it up with a bit of thread. It looks MUCH better when it can turn in the air currents and casts really nifty shadows on the walls. Especially when you have multiple candles burning! ;^) Re: Synergetics II, I have both I & II, just managed to find 'em in bookstores back when I lived in Buffalo. Both are paperback. Both of mine are still in storage, waiting for me to bring 'em to California. And I'm starting to itch for them, 'cause I want to start working on the new House Project. Oh, and I saw that GEODOME.JPG file. VERY impressive! Nice Ray-trace, Andy! (Although it looks like the dome may have been mirrored in the middle, which throws off some of the geodesic patterning, but at 167 hours render-time, I don't really blame you. ;^) ) Nice to be back. Thanks for keeping this going, people. It's great to see the interest out there! -- Pat ______________________________Think For Yourself_______________________________ Patrick G. Salsbury 1800 Market Street #23, San Francisco, CA 94102 Voicemail: 415/703-7177 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I've seen the wiring under the board. :) ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 31 Jul 1994 20:25:39 EDT Reply-To: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works Sender: List for the discussion of Buckminster Fuller's works From: Chris Fearnley Subject: Re: LOOKING FOR SYNERGETICS II In-Reply-To: Message of Sun, 31 Jul 1994 15:45:14 GMT from On Sun, 31 Jul 1994 15:45:14 GMT The Butterfly said: ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ There you go with that cutsy butterfly stuff again :) [Clip] > > In case you weren't here 4-5 years ago when I first designed the >Synergy Ball and discussed it here, it's a paper model of a 30-strut >tensegrity, and makes a sphere ~9" across which exhibits quite amazing >strength when fully assembled. It comes in either red or blue and is priced to >retail at under $5. I think you can get 'em from the factory for less. Congrats on the marketing. But You'll have to sell quite a few before you can continue with your dream of building that floating city. [clip] > Re: Synergetics II, I have both I & II, just managed to find 'em in >bookstores back when I lived in Buffalo. Both are paperback. Both of mine are >still in storage, waiting for me to bring 'em to California. And I'm starting >to itch for them, 'cause I want to start working on the new House Project. You will have to learn that you must explain these exciting new progects! What do you need from Synergetics? Hey we can derive it ourselves if we have the time. > > Oh, and I saw that GEODOME.JPG file. VERY impressive! Nice Ray-trace, >Andy! (Although it looks like the dome may have been mirrored in the middle, >which throws off some of the geodesic patterning, but at 167 hours >render-time, I don't really blame you. ;^) ) Yes, it is real cool. But I haven't seen any 5-valent vertexes. So I assume it's based on a tesselation of the octahedron. I'll have to get his source code to check out his algorithm. Maybe tonight? > > Nice to be back. Thanks for keeping this going, people. It's great to >see the interest out there! We've come along way baby! I remember when the list was little more than you (with growing amounts of help) getting everyone in the dorms at SUNY-Buffalo interested in building a floating city :) Now, we have an ftp site and WWW stuff out there! [PS: what is it with us SUNY students abandoning the state that gave us so much?] For the nostalgic and trend watchers, here is an edited directory listing of my list archives. The files are compressed so actual size is generally 4/3 the size listed. Note that since Dec. '93 the list has been very active an at a steady rate unlike its sporadic beginnings. [BTW, if anyone has log entries for months I'm missing I'd like them.] file size file name ---------------------------- 1105 glog8907.txt.gz 25740 glog8908.txt.gz 24593 glog8909.txt.gz 13228 glog8910.txt.gz 77814 glog8911.txt.gz 8587 glog8912.txt.gz 30217 glog9001.txt.gz 20589 glog9002.txt.gz 33225 glog9003.txt.gz 48695 glog9008.txt.gz 27466 glog9009.txt.gz 25779 glog9010.txt.gz 13383 glog9011.txt.gz 5118 glog9012.txt.gz 14938 glog9101.txt.gz 4997 glog9102.txt.gz 45482 glog9105.txt.gz 64709 glog9106.txt.gz 18785 glog9108.txt.gz 11402 glog9109.txt.gz 3004 glog9110.txt.gz 7523 glog9111.txt.gz 15082 glog9112.txt.gz 10817 glog9201.txt.gz 19382 glog9202.txt.gz 24239 glog9203.txt.gz 8393 glog9204.txt.gz 8558 glog9206.txt.gz 8480 glog9207.txt.gz 4782 glog9208.txt.gz 60861 glog9209.txt.gz 24563 glog9210.txt.gz 773 glog9211.txt.gz 17503 glog9212.txt.gz 5364 glog9301.txt.gz 6647 glog9303.txt.gz 7401 glog9304.txt.gz 2270 glog9305.txt.gz 3061 glog9306.txt.gz 3355 glog9307.txt.gz 2530 glog9308.txt.gz 12503 glog9309.txt.gz 45212 glog9310.txt.gz 6019 glog9311.txt.gz 16456 glog9312.txt.gz 21924 glog9401.txt.gz 21422 glog9402.txt.gz 29271 glog9403.txt.gz 38674 glog9404.txt.gz 97305 glog9405.txt.gz 135934 glog9406.txt.gz Good to see you again 'ole pal. > >-- >Pat >______________________________Think For Yourself_______________________________ > Patrick G. Salsbury > 1800 Market Street #23, San Francisco, CA 94102 > Voicemail: 415/703-7177 >------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > I've seen the wiring under the board. :) Christopher J. Fearnley cfearnl@pacs.pha.pa.us fearnlcj@duvm.ocs.drexel.edu fearnlcj@duvm.bitnet